Introduction: This review article aims at finding papers comparing conventional treatment with new interventions in females affected with stress urinary incontinence (SUI). Therefore, we selected papers with exercise therapy and electrical stimulation (ES) compared with vibration therapy.
Materials and Methods: We searched PubMed, Scopus, Ovid, and Springer for the papers published in English and the field of human-study registered from 2009 to 2019. The articles should be about pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT), electrical stimulation (ES), and new intervention like vibration in the treatment of SUI.
Results: We managed to identify 1276 articles on this topic. After deleting duplicate articles, we chose 22 of them. Based on the inclusion criteria, only 7 articles were finally included in this review article. PFMT and ES are conventional treatments, but some studies have focused on the efficiency of new modalities, such as vibration in the treatment of SUI.
Discussion: Based on our review, new intervention (vibration) has superior effects over ES and PFMT in the treatment of SUI; however, ES and PFMT are the first line of therapy.

Introduction: Hearing loss is a common problem that may end in disability and handicap. The primary treatment of hearing loss is using hearing aids. However, many patients, despite being aware of this problem, are not interested in using these devices. Some factors affect the process of receiving and using hearing aids, some of which are related to the person’s characteristics. In this article, we will investigate the possible factors and their roles in using hearing aids by the patients.
Materials and Methods: We searched Google Scholar, PubMed and ScienceDirect database over the last twenty years, with the keywords of “hearing aid", “use", “satisfaction", and “benefit". The result of this search was 399 articles, out of which 77 articles were related to this topic.
Discussion: Different factors affecting the usefulness of hearing aids can be investigated in two stages. The first is the stage before receiving hearing aids when a person looks for help and receives hearing aid, and the second stage after receiving the hearing aid when the person has used the hearing aid and reports his or her satisfaction. The factors affecting the receiving stage are the amount of hearing loss, problems experienced by the person, the patient’s motives and expectations, personality traits, auditory counseling, and economic issues. However, after receiving a hearing aid, factors such as other non-auditory abilities, hearing loss, age, duration of hearing aid use, hearing aids characteristics, disabilities, attitudes, and personality traits affect the satisfaction of the patient.

Introduction: Urinary Incontinence (UI) is a common problem in obese women affected by different parameters such as weight, Body Mass Index (BMI), type of delivery, etc. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the lumbar lordosis, anthropometric characteristics, and the incidence of urinary incontinence in obese women.
Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 193 obese women (BMI>30 kg/m2) with and without UI. Anthropometric characteristics and lordosis angle were measured in participants, and then they were asked to fill out demographic information and urinary incontinence questionnaires. The obtained data were analyzed by SPSS V. 23 using statistical tests, including the Independent t test, Spearman correlation, and logistic regression.
Results: Women who suffered from UI had a lower lumbar lordosis angle, were younger, and shorter, with a higher number of natural deliveries.
Discussion: Based on the findings of this study, a direct relationship exists between natural delivery and UI. However, an indirect relationship is observed between UI and age, lumbar lordosis angle, and height. Because of the effect of lumbar lordosis on the incidence of urinary incontinence in obese people, spine alignment, and changes in abdominal biomechanical parameters might also have an impact on UI. 

Introduction: Musculoskeletal injuries are prevalent among active individuals, such as military personnel, which may lead to high health costs. The injuries, specifically in lower extremity joints, are mostly taking place during movements such as jumping. This study investigates the correlation between trunk muscle endurance and three-dimensional knee kinematics during jump-landing among military personnel.
Materials and Methods: Thirty commandoes (Mean±SD age: 29.45±4.76) participated in the study. The researchers performed McGill standardized testing battery (core muscle endurance tests). Our subjects underwent jump-landing maneuver and 3D motion analysis of knee joint kinematics. Then the investigators analyzed the obtained data using the Pearson correlation test (P<0.05). The main outcome measures were trunk muscles’ endurance and knee joint angles of flexion-extension, abduction-adduction, and internal rotation-external rotation estimated using MATLAB scripts for three trials during peak angle of knee flexion just before the rebound. We also calculated the average value for the aforementioned motions from initial contact to the take-off phase.
Results: The Pearson correlation test indicated a statistically significant correlation between the peak and average value of knee flexion angle and right (rpeak=0.511, raverage=0.505/ Ppeak=0.021, Paverage=0.023) and left (rpeak=0.486, raverage=0.445/ Ppeak=0.030, Paverage=0.049) side bridge tests. Moreover, we observed a significant negative correlation between average knee internal rotation and trunk flexors’ endurance test value (r=-0.496, P=0.026).
Discussion: The trunk muscles provide knee stability in dynamic tasks. Particularly, strengthening abdominal and lateral muscles of the trunk high shown to decrease knee rotation and flexion, respectively, during landing from a jump. Consequently, the authorities should emphasize this fact while designing conditioning or rehabilitation programs.

Introduction: Subjects with stuttering may show different numbers of stuttering-like disfluencies during reading and monologue tasks. The study aimed to compare the speech rate and stuttering frequency during reading and monologue tasks in subjects with stuttering and those with fluent speech.
Materials and Methods: A total of 24 subjects with stuttering and 24 subjects with fluent speech participated in this analytical-descriptive cross-sectional study. A video camera recorded the participants’ reading and monologue samples. The second version of the computerized scoring of the stuttering severity (CSSS-2) software and Praat version 5.3.78 was used to measure stuttering severity and speech rate, respectively. Statistical analysis was conducted in SPSS version 23 by applying the Independent t-test and Spearman’s correlation coefficient.
Results: In stuttering subjects, the mean stuttering frequency was higher during monologue than reading, but not statistically significant (P=0.05). In both groups, the mean speech rate was significantly higher during reading compared to monologue. Also, in both reading and monologue tasks, the mean speech rate was significantly higher in subjects with fluent speech than in those who stutter (P<0.001). Finally, a significant negative correlation was observed between the mean stuttering frequency and speech rate during both tasks.
Conclusion: Considering the monologue time, subjects with stuttering have higher speech rate and less stuttering in reading. Because of stuttering-induced speech disruptions, subjects with stuttering speak slower during both reading and monologue tasks compared to subjects with fluent speech.

Introduction: Taking medication without a doctor’s prescription is not always harmful and may reduce the cost and save the time. In Pakistan, homemade remedies and spiritual faith are the first line of treatment of minor illnesses. This study was carried on undergraduate Physical Therapy students of Karachi, Pakistan.
Materials and Methods: Was a cross-sectional study, conducted on 250 undergraduate Physical Therapy students from major private and semiprivate colleges of Karachi, Pakistan. The participants were chosen by simple random sampling method. The research was done using 95% confidence interval.
Results: Our result shows that medication use without doctor’s advice is a frequent practice among the undergraduate Physical Therapy students of major private and semi-private institutes of Karachi, Pakistan. It was observed that 5%, 21%, 18%, 4%, 27%, 25% of the students were taking self-medication on daily, weekly, fortnight, monthly, yearly and occasional basis, respectively.
Conclusion: Headache is the main ailment for which students are practicing self-medication.

Introduction: Ankle sprain is a common sports injury that can cause Functional Ankle Instability (FAI). Neurocognitive function impairment had been reported in subjects with musculoskeletal injuries. Consequently, information processing deficits might be associated with FAI. This study aimed to compare information processing speed and accuracy in athletes with and without FAI.
Materials and Methods: Eighteen control healthy male basketball players and 18 male basketball players with FAI voluntarily participated in the study. They were matched according to age, height, weight, duration of physical activity, and upper-limb dominance. The neurocognitive function of subjects was assessed with the computerized neurocognitive test. The computerized neurocognitive assessment is based on the presentation of ‘X’ on a computer monitor and includes detection (i.e. simple reaction time [SRT]) or identification (i.e. Choice Reaction Time [CRT]).
Results: Significant differences were observed between study groups in the SRT, CRT, and the number of errors (P<0.001). Subjects in the control group had a shorter reaction time and fewer errors.
Discussion: Athletes with FAI had significantly slower reaction times. FAI affects processing speed and accuracy, which may be modifiable through the performance of exercises designed to accelerate neurocognitive processing of visual input.