The Relationship Between Urinary Incontinence and Anthropometric Indices in Obese Women
-
Seyedeh Saeideh Babbazadeh-Zavieh
,
Behnoosh Vasaghi-Gharamaleki
,
Afsaneh Nikjooy
,
Seyed Mohammad Jafar Haeri
,
Amirhossein Shamsi Ardekani
Abstract
Introduction: Urinary Incontinence (UI) is a common problem in obese women affected by different parameters such as weight, Body Mass Index (BMI), type of delivery, etc. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the lumbar lordosis, anthropometric characteristics, and the incidence of urinary incontinence in obese women.
Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 193 obese women (BMI>30 kg/m2) with and without UI. Anthropometric characteristics and lordosis angle were measured in participants, and then they were asked to fill out demographic information and urinary incontinence questionnaires. The obtained data were analyzed by SPSS V. 23 using statistical tests, including the Independent t test, Spearman correlation, and logistic regression.
Results: Women who suffered from UI had a lower lumbar lordosis angle, were younger, and shorter, with a higher number of natural deliveries.
Discussion: Based on the findings of this study, a direct relationship exists between natural delivery and UI. However, an indirect relationship is observed between UI and age, lumbar lordosis angle, and height. Because of the effect of lumbar lordosis on the incidence of urinary incontinence in obese people, spine alignment, and changes in abdominal biomechanical parameters might also have an impact on UI.
Prudencio CB, Nava GTA, Cardoso MC, Marreto BR, Sousa EA, Valenti VE, et al. Evolution of female urinary continence after physical therapy and associated factors. International Archives of Medicine. 2014; 7(1):24. [DOI:10.1186/1755-7682-7-24] [PMID] [PMCID]
Markland AD, Richter HE, Fwu CW, Eggers P, Kusek JW. Prevalence and trends of urinary incontinence in adults in the United States, 2001 to 2008. The Journal of Urology. 2011; 186(2):589-93. [DOI:10.1016/j.juro.2011.03.114] [PMID] [PMCID]
Ahmadi B, Alimohammadian M, Golestan B, Mahjubi B, Janani L, Mirzaei R. [The hidden epidemic of urinary incontinence in women: A population-based study with emphasis on preventive strategies (Persian)]. International Urogynecology Journal. 2010; 21(4):453-9. [DOI:10.1007/s00192-009-1031-6] [PMID]
Nojomi M, Baharvand P, Kashanian M. [Validation of Incontinence Quality of Life Questionnaire (I-QOL) in Incontinent Women (Persian)]. Iran University of Medical Sciences. 1998; 16(63):153-61.
Seshan V, Muliira JK. Self-reported urinary incontinence and factors associated with symptom severity in community dwelling adult women: Implications for women’s health promotion. BMC Women’s Health. 2013; 13(1):16. [DOI:10.1186/1472-6874-13-16] [PMID] [PMCID]
Abdulaziz K, Hasan T. Role of pelvic floor muscle therapy in obese perimenopausal females with stress incontinence: A randomized control trial. The Internet Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2012; 16(2):34-42. [DOI:10.5580/2ba3]
Devore EE, Minassian VA, Grodstein F. Factors associated with persistent urinary incontinence. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2013; 209(2):145e1-6. [DOI:10.1016/j.ajog.2013.05.002] [PMID] [PMCID]
Gartland D, Donath S, MacArthur C, Brown SJ. The onset, recurrence and associated obstetric risk factors for urinary incontinence in the first 18 months after a first birth: An Australian nulliparous cohort study. An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2012; 119(11):1361-9. [DOI:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2012.03437.x] [PMID]
Omli R, Hunskaar S, Mykletun A, Romild U, Kuhry E. Urinary incontinence and risk of functional decline in older women: Data from the Norwegian HUNT-study. BMC Geriatr. 2013; 13:47. [DOI:10.1186/1471-2318-13-47] [PMID] [PMCID]
Berghofer A, Pischon T, Reinhold T, Apovian CM, Sharma AM, Willich SN. Obesity prevalence from a European perspective: A systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2008; 8(1):200. [DOI:10.1186/1471-2458-8-200] [PMID] [PMCID]
Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Kit BK, Ogden CL. Prevalence of obesity and trends in the distribution of body mass index among US adults, 1999-2010. JAMA. 2012; 307(5):491-7. [DOI:10.1001/jama.2012.39] [PMID]
Kelishadi R, Haghdoost AA, Sadeghirad B, Khajehkazemi R. Trend in the prevalence of obesity and overweight among Iranian children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrition. 2014; 30(4):393-400. [DOI:10.1016/j.nut.2013.08.011] [PMID]
Jackson RA, Vittinghoff E, Kanaya AM, Miles TP, Resnick HE, Kritchevsky SB, et al. Urinary incontinence in elderly women: Findings from the health, aging, and body composition study. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2004; 104(2):301-7. [DOI:10.1097/01.AOG.0000133482.20685.d1] [PMID]
Subak LL, Richter HE, Hunskaar S. Obesity and urinary incontinence: Epidemiology and clinical research update. The Journal of Urology. 2009; 182(6):S2-S7 [DOI:10.1016/j.juro.2009.08.071]
Sapsford R. Rehabilitation of pelvic floor muscles utilizing trunk stabilization. Manual Therapy. 2004; 9(1):3-12. [DOI:10.1016/S1356-689X(03)00131-0]
Sapsford RR, Hodges PW. Contraction of the pelvic floor muscles during abdominal maneuvers. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2001; 82(8):1081-8. [DOI:10.1053/apmr.2001.24297] [PMID]
Agur W, Rizk DE. Obesity and urinary incontinence in women: Is the black box becoming grayer. International Urogynecology Journal. 2011; 22(3):257-8. [DOI:10.1007/s00192-010-1293-z] [PMID]
Sapsford RR, Hodges PW, Richardson CA, Cooper DH, Markwell SJ, Jull GA. Co‐activation of the abdominal and pelvic floor muscles during voluntary exercises. Neurourology and Urodynamics. 2001; 20(1):31-42. [DOI:10.1002/1520-6777(2001)20:13.0.CO;2-P]
Smith MD, Russell A, Hodges PW. Disorders of breathing and continence have a stronger association with back pain than obesity and physical activity. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy. 2006; 52(1):11-16. [DOI:10.1016/S0004-9514(06)70057-5]
Capson AC, Nashed J, Mclean L. The role of lumbopelvic posture in pelvic floor muscle activation in continent women. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology. 2011; 21(1):166-77. [DOI:10.1016/j.jelekin.2010.07.017] [PMID]
Fernández RA, Garcia-Hermoso A, Solera-Martinez M, Correa MT, Morales AF, Martinez-Vizcaino V. Improvement of continence rate with pelvic floor muscle training post-prostatectomy: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Urologia Internationalis. 2015; 94(2):125-32. [DOI:10.1159/000368618] [PMID]
Abdollahi S, Manshadi FD, Rezasoltani A, Baghban AA. [Relationship between lumbar lordosis, pelvic tilt and ultrasonic thickness of abdominal wall muscles in healthy young women (Persian)]. The Scientific Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 2015; 4(3):65-73.
Levine D, Whittle MW. The effects of pelvic movement on lumbar lordosis in the standing position. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 1996; 24(3):130-5 [DOI:10.2519/jospt.1996.24.3.130] [PMID]
Vatandust S, Vasaghi Gharamalaki B, Moghadam ABB. The effect of lumbar lordosis, pelvic tilt, type and number of labor in volleyball players suffering stress urinary incontinence. Journal of Modern Rehabilitation. 2015; 9(2):25-34.
Jackson S, Donovan J, Brookes S, Eckford S, Swithinbank L, Abrams P. The Bristol female lower urinary tract symptoms questionnaire: Development and psychometric testing. British Journal of Urology. 1996; 77(6):805-12. [DOI:10.1046/j.1464-410X.1996.00186.x] [PMID]
Vakili M, Shirzad E, Nabinejad M. [Comparative study of obesity in fertile and infertile women Yazd in 1385 (Persian)]. Journal of Obstetrics Gynecology and Infertility. 2011; 14(2):7-13.
Bizheh N, Abdollahi AR, Jaafari M, Zibad AZ. [Relationship between neck circumferences with cardiovascular risk factors (Persian)]. Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences. 2011; 13(1):36-43.
Hart DL, Rose SJ. Reliability of a noninvasive method for measuring the lumbar curve. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 1986; 8(4):180-4. [DOI:10.2519/jospt.1986.8.4.180] [PMID]
Smith MD, Coppieters MW, Hodges PW. Postural activity of the pelvic floor muscles is delayed during rapid arm movements in women with stress urinary incontinence. International Urogynecology Journal. 2007; 18(8):901-11. [DOI:10.1007/s00192-006-0259-7] [PMID]
Kamel DM, Ali A, Thabet AA, Sayed A, Tantawy SA, Mohamed M, et al. Effect of abdominal versus pelvic floor muscle exercises in obese Egyptian women with mild stress urinary incontinence: A randomized controlled trial. Hong Kong Physiotherapy Journal. 2013; 31(1):12-8. [DOI:10.1016/j.hkpj.2012.11.002]
Danforth KN, Townsend MK, Lifford K, Curhan GC, Resnick NM, Grodstein F. Risk factors for urinary incontinence among middle-aged women. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2006; 194(2):339-45. [DOI:10.1016/j.ajog.2005.07.051] [PMID] [PMCID]
Subak LL, Johnson C, Whitcomb E, Boban D, Saxton J, Brown JS. Does weight loss improve incontinence in moderately obese women. International Urogynecology Journal. 2002; 13(1):40-3. [DOI:10.1007/s001920200008] [PMID]
Subak LL, Whiutcomb E, Shen H, Saxton J, Vittinghoff E, Brown JS. Weight loss: A novel and effective treatment for urinary incontinence. The Journal of Urology. 2005; 174(1):190-5. [DOI:10.1097/01.ju.0000162056.30326.83] [PMID] [PMCID]
Auwad W, Steggles P, Bombieri L, Waterfield M, Wilkin T, Freeman R. Moderate weight loss in obese women with urinary incontinence: A prospective longitudinal study. International Urogynecology Journal. 2008; 19(9):1251-9. [DOI:10.1007/s00192-008-0616-9] [PMID]
Davies JW. Man’s assumption of the erect posture-Its effect on the position of the pelvis. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1955; 70(5):1012-20. [DOI:10.1016/0002-9378(55)90008-9]
Elftman HO. The evolution of the pelvic floor of primates. Developmental Dynamics. 1932; 51(2):307-46. [DOI:10.1002/aja.1000510203]
Lind LR, Lucente V, Kohn N. Thoracic kyphosis and the prevalence of advanced uterine prolapse. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 1996; 87(4):605-9. [DOI:10.1016/0029-7844(95)00477-7]
Dehghan Manshadi F, Sarrafzadeh J, Ghanbari Z, Kazemnejhad A, Azgani MR, ParnianpoorM. [Postural change of pelvic in standing position and it’s effect on ultrasound index of urine control in women with and without stress urinary incontinence (Persian)]. Research in Rehabilitation Sciences. 2014; 9(8):1254-66.
Thompson JA, Sullivan PB, Briffa CN, Neumann P. Altered muscle activation patterns in symptomatic women during pelvic floor muscle contraction and Valsalva manouevre. Neurourology and Urodynamics. 2006; 25(3):268-76. [DOI:10.1002/nau.20183] [PMID]
Sapsford RR, Richardson CA, Stanton WR. Sitting posture affects pelvic floor muscle activity in parous women: An observational study. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy. 2006; 52(3):219-22. [DOI:10.1016/S0004-9514(06)70031-9]
Rortveit G, Shannestad Y, Daltveit AK, Hunskaar S. Age-and type-dependent effects of parity on urinary incontinence: The Norwegian EPINCONT study. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2001; 98(6):1004-10. [DOI:10.1016/S0029-7844(01)01566-6]
Rortveit G, Rortveit G, Daltveit AK, Hannestad YS, Hunskaar S. Urinary incontinence after vaginal delivery or cesarean section. New England Journal of Medicine. 2003; 348(10):900-7. [DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa021788] [PMID]
Wesnes SL, Hunskår S, Bo K, Rortveit G. The effect of urinary incontinence status during pregnancy and delivery mode on incontinence postpartum: A cohort study. An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2009; 116(5):700-7. [DOI:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2008.02107.x] [PMID] [PMCID]
Eason E, Labrecque M, Marcoux S, Mondor M. Effects of carrying a pregnancy and of method of delivery on urinary incontinence: A prospective cohort study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 2004; 4(1):4. [DOI:10.1186/1471-2393-4-4] [PMID] [PMCID]
Fitzgerald MP. Childhood urinary symptoms predict adult overactive bladder symptoms. The Journal of Urology. 2006; 175(3):989-93. [DOI:10.1016/S0022-5347(05)00416-7]
Kuh D, Cardozo L, Hardy R. Urinary incontinence in middle aged women: Childhood enuresis and other lifetime risk factors in a British prospective cohort. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 1999; 53(8):453-8. [DOI:10.1136/jech.53.8.453] [PMID] [PMCID]
Vasaghi-Gharamaleki B, Ostad-Rahimi S. Preliminary study on prevalence of urinary incontinence in iranian female athletes. International Journal of Sports and Exercise Medicine. 2015; 1(5):028. [DOI:10.23937/2469-5718/1510028]
Markland AD, Richter HE, Fwu CW, Eggers P, Kusek JW. Prevalence and trends of urinary incontinence in adults in the United States, 2001 to 2008. The Journal of Urology. 2011; 186(2):589-93. [DOI:10.1016/j.juro.2011.03.114] [PMID] [PMCID]
Ahmadi B, Alimohammadian M, Golestan B, Mahjubi B, Janani L, Mirzaei R. [The hidden epidemic of urinary incontinence in women: A population-based study with emphasis on preventive strategies (Persian)]. International Urogynecology Journal. 2010; 21(4):453-9. [DOI:10.1007/s00192-009-1031-6] [PMID]
Nojomi M, Baharvand P, Kashanian M. [Validation of Incontinence Quality of Life Questionnaire (I-QOL) in Incontinent Women (Persian)]. Iran University of Medical Sciences. 1998; 16(63):153-61.
Seshan V, Muliira JK. Self-reported urinary incontinence and factors associated with symptom severity in community dwelling adult women: Implications for women’s health promotion. BMC Women’s Health. 2013; 13(1):16. [DOI:10.1186/1472-6874-13-16] [PMID] [PMCID]
Abdulaziz K, Hasan T. Role of pelvic floor muscle therapy in obese perimenopausal females with stress incontinence: A randomized control trial. The Internet Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2012; 16(2):34-42. [DOI:10.5580/2ba3]
Devore EE, Minassian VA, Grodstein F. Factors associated with persistent urinary incontinence. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2013; 209(2):145e1-6. [DOI:10.1016/j.ajog.2013.05.002] [PMID] [PMCID]
Gartland D, Donath S, MacArthur C, Brown SJ. The onset, recurrence and associated obstetric risk factors for urinary incontinence in the first 18 months after a first birth: An Australian nulliparous cohort study. An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2012; 119(11):1361-9. [DOI:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2012.03437.x] [PMID]
Omli R, Hunskaar S, Mykletun A, Romild U, Kuhry E. Urinary incontinence and risk of functional decline in older women: Data from the Norwegian HUNT-study. BMC Geriatr. 2013; 13:47. [DOI:10.1186/1471-2318-13-47] [PMID] [PMCID]
Berghofer A, Pischon T, Reinhold T, Apovian CM, Sharma AM, Willich SN. Obesity prevalence from a European perspective: A systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2008; 8(1):200. [DOI:10.1186/1471-2458-8-200] [PMID] [PMCID]
Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Kit BK, Ogden CL. Prevalence of obesity and trends in the distribution of body mass index among US adults, 1999-2010. JAMA. 2012; 307(5):491-7. [DOI:10.1001/jama.2012.39] [PMID]
Kelishadi R, Haghdoost AA, Sadeghirad B, Khajehkazemi R. Trend in the prevalence of obesity and overweight among Iranian children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrition. 2014; 30(4):393-400. [DOI:10.1016/j.nut.2013.08.011] [PMID]
Jackson RA, Vittinghoff E, Kanaya AM, Miles TP, Resnick HE, Kritchevsky SB, et al. Urinary incontinence in elderly women: Findings from the health, aging, and body composition study. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2004; 104(2):301-7. [DOI:10.1097/01.AOG.0000133482.20685.d1] [PMID]
Subak LL, Richter HE, Hunskaar S. Obesity and urinary incontinence: Epidemiology and clinical research update. The Journal of Urology. 2009; 182(6):S2-S7 [DOI:10.1016/j.juro.2009.08.071]
Sapsford R. Rehabilitation of pelvic floor muscles utilizing trunk stabilization. Manual Therapy. 2004; 9(1):3-12. [DOI:10.1016/S1356-689X(03)00131-0]
Sapsford RR, Hodges PW. Contraction of the pelvic floor muscles during abdominal maneuvers. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2001; 82(8):1081-8. [DOI:10.1053/apmr.2001.24297] [PMID]
Agur W, Rizk DE. Obesity and urinary incontinence in women: Is the black box becoming grayer. International Urogynecology Journal. 2011; 22(3):257-8. [DOI:10.1007/s00192-010-1293-z] [PMID]
Sapsford RR, Hodges PW, Richardson CA, Cooper DH, Markwell SJ, Jull GA. Co‐activation of the abdominal and pelvic floor muscles during voluntary exercises. Neurourology and Urodynamics. 2001; 20(1):31-42. [DOI:10.1002/1520-6777(2001)20:13.0.CO;2-P]
Smith MD, Russell A, Hodges PW. Disorders of breathing and continence have a stronger association with back pain than obesity and physical activity. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy. 2006; 52(1):11-16. [DOI:10.1016/S0004-9514(06)70057-5]
Capson AC, Nashed J, Mclean L. The role of lumbopelvic posture in pelvic floor muscle activation in continent women. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology. 2011; 21(1):166-77. [DOI:10.1016/j.jelekin.2010.07.017] [PMID]
Fernández RA, Garcia-Hermoso A, Solera-Martinez M, Correa MT, Morales AF, Martinez-Vizcaino V. Improvement of continence rate with pelvic floor muscle training post-prostatectomy: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Urologia Internationalis. 2015; 94(2):125-32. [DOI:10.1159/000368618] [PMID]
Abdollahi S, Manshadi FD, Rezasoltani A, Baghban AA. [Relationship between lumbar lordosis, pelvic tilt and ultrasonic thickness of abdominal wall muscles in healthy young women (Persian)]. The Scientific Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 2015; 4(3):65-73.
Levine D, Whittle MW. The effects of pelvic movement on lumbar lordosis in the standing position. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 1996; 24(3):130-5 [DOI:10.2519/jospt.1996.24.3.130] [PMID]
Vatandust S, Vasaghi Gharamalaki B, Moghadam ABB. The effect of lumbar lordosis, pelvic tilt, type and number of labor in volleyball players suffering stress urinary incontinence. Journal of Modern Rehabilitation. 2015; 9(2):25-34.
Jackson S, Donovan J, Brookes S, Eckford S, Swithinbank L, Abrams P. The Bristol female lower urinary tract symptoms questionnaire: Development and psychometric testing. British Journal of Urology. 1996; 77(6):805-12. [DOI:10.1046/j.1464-410X.1996.00186.x] [PMID]
Vakili M, Shirzad E, Nabinejad M. [Comparative study of obesity in fertile and infertile women Yazd in 1385 (Persian)]. Journal of Obstetrics Gynecology and Infertility. 2011; 14(2):7-13.
Bizheh N, Abdollahi AR, Jaafari M, Zibad AZ. [Relationship between neck circumferences with cardiovascular risk factors (Persian)]. Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences. 2011; 13(1):36-43.
Hart DL, Rose SJ. Reliability of a noninvasive method for measuring the lumbar curve. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 1986; 8(4):180-4. [DOI:10.2519/jospt.1986.8.4.180] [PMID]
Smith MD, Coppieters MW, Hodges PW. Postural activity of the pelvic floor muscles is delayed during rapid arm movements in women with stress urinary incontinence. International Urogynecology Journal. 2007; 18(8):901-11. [DOI:10.1007/s00192-006-0259-7] [PMID]
Kamel DM, Ali A, Thabet AA, Sayed A, Tantawy SA, Mohamed M, et al. Effect of abdominal versus pelvic floor muscle exercises in obese Egyptian women with mild stress urinary incontinence: A randomized controlled trial. Hong Kong Physiotherapy Journal. 2013; 31(1):12-8. [DOI:10.1016/j.hkpj.2012.11.002]
Danforth KN, Townsend MK, Lifford K, Curhan GC, Resnick NM, Grodstein F. Risk factors for urinary incontinence among middle-aged women. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2006; 194(2):339-45. [DOI:10.1016/j.ajog.2005.07.051] [PMID] [PMCID]
Subak LL, Johnson C, Whitcomb E, Boban D, Saxton J, Brown JS. Does weight loss improve incontinence in moderately obese women. International Urogynecology Journal. 2002; 13(1):40-3. [DOI:10.1007/s001920200008] [PMID]
Subak LL, Whiutcomb E, Shen H, Saxton J, Vittinghoff E, Brown JS. Weight loss: A novel and effective treatment for urinary incontinence. The Journal of Urology. 2005; 174(1):190-5. [DOI:10.1097/01.ju.0000162056.30326.83] [PMID] [PMCID]
Auwad W, Steggles P, Bombieri L, Waterfield M, Wilkin T, Freeman R. Moderate weight loss in obese women with urinary incontinence: A prospective longitudinal study. International Urogynecology Journal. 2008; 19(9):1251-9. [DOI:10.1007/s00192-008-0616-9] [PMID]
Davies JW. Man’s assumption of the erect posture-Its effect on the position of the pelvis. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1955; 70(5):1012-20. [DOI:10.1016/0002-9378(55)90008-9]
Elftman HO. The evolution of the pelvic floor of primates. Developmental Dynamics. 1932; 51(2):307-46. [DOI:10.1002/aja.1000510203]
Lind LR, Lucente V, Kohn N. Thoracic kyphosis and the prevalence of advanced uterine prolapse. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 1996; 87(4):605-9. [DOI:10.1016/0029-7844(95)00477-7]
Dehghan Manshadi F, Sarrafzadeh J, Ghanbari Z, Kazemnejhad A, Azgani MR, ParnianpoorM. [Postural change of pelvic in standing position and it’s effect on ultrasound index of urine control in women with and without stress urinary incontinence (Persian)]. Research in Rehabilitation Sciences. 2014; 9(8):1254-66.
Thompson JA, Sullivan PB, Briffa CN, Neumann P. Altered muscle activation patterns in symptomatic women during pelvic floor muscle contraction and Valsalva manouevre. Neurourology and Urodynamics. 2006; 25(3):268-76. [DOI:10.1002/nau.20183] [PMID]
Sapsford RR, Richardson CA, Stanton WR. Sitting posture affects pelvic floor muscle activity in parous women: An observational study. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy. 2006; 52(3):219-22. [DOI:10.1016/S0004-9514(06)70031-9]
Rortveit G, Shannestad Y, Daltveit AK, Hunskaar S. Age-and type-dependent effects of parity on urinary incontinence: The Norwegian EPINCONT study. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2001; 98(6):1004-10. [DOI:10.1016/S0029-7844(01)01566-6]
Rortveit G, Rortveit G, Daltveit AK, Hannestad YS, Hunskaar S. Urinary incontinence after vaginal delivery or cesarean section. New England Journal of Medicine. 2003; 348(10):900-7. [DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa021788] [PMID]
Wesnes SL, Hunskår S, Bo K, Rortveit G. The effect of urinary incontinence status during pregnancy and delivery mode on incontinence postpartum: A cohort study. An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2009; 116(5):700-7. [DOI:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2008.02107.x] [PMID] [PMCID]
Eason E, Labrecque M, Marcoux S, Mondor M. Effects of carrying a pregnancy and of method of delivery on urinary incontinence: A prospective cohort study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 2004; 4(1):4. [DOI:10.1186/1471-2393-4-4] [PMID] [PMCID]
Fitzgerald MP. Childhood urinary symptoms predict adult overactive bladder symptoms. The Journal of Urology. 2006; 175(3):989-93. [DOI:10.1016/S0022-5347(05)00416-7]
Kuh D, Cardozo L, Hardy R. Urinary incontinence in middle aged women: Childhood enuresis and other lifetime risk factors in a British prospective cohort. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 1999; 53(8):453-8. [DOI:10.1136/jech.53.8.453] [PMID] [PMCID]
Vasaghi-Gharamaleki B, Ostad-Rahimi S. Preliminary study on prevalence of urinary incontinence in iranian female athletes. International Journal of Sports and Exercise Medicine. 2015; 1(5):028. [DOI:10.23937/2469-5718/1510028]
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 13 No 3 (2019) | |
| Section | Research Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.32598/JMR.13.3.171 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Urinary incontinence Obesity Lumbar lordosis Anthropometry | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Babbazadeh-Zavieh SS, Vasaghi-Gharamaleki B, Nikjooy A, Haeri SMJ, Shamsi Ardekani A. The Relationship Between Urinary Incontinence and Anthropometric Indices in Obese Women. jmr. 2020;13(3):171-178.
