Comparing Speech Rate and Stuttering Frequency During Reading and Monologue Between Subjects With and Without Stuttering
-
Hossein Rezai
,
Hadi Torabi
,
Neda Tahmasebi
,
Mohammad Hossein Haghighizadeh
,
Peyman Zamani
,
Farzaneh Abdi
,
Mohammad Mehdi Karami
,
Zohreh Mehdipour
Abstract
Introduction: Subjects with stuttering may show different numbers of stuttering-like disfluencies during reading and monologue tasks. The study aimed to compare the speech rate and stuttering frequency during reading and monologue tasks in subjects with stuttering and those with fluent speech.
Materials and Methods: A total of 24 subjects with stuttering and 24 subjects with fluent speech participated in this analytical-descriptive cross-sectional study. A video camera recorded the participants’ reading and monologue samples. The second version of the computerized scoring of the stuttering severity (CSSS-2) software and Praat version 5.3.78 was used to measure stuttering severity and speech rate, respectively. Statistical analysis was conducted in SPSS version 23 by applying the Independent t-test and Spearman’s correlation coefficient.
Results: In stuttering subjects, the mean stuttering frequency was higher during monologue than reading, but not statistically significant (P=0.05). In both groups, the mean speech rate was significantly higher during reading compared to monologue. Also, in both reading and monologue tasks, the mean speech rate was significantly higher in subjects with fluent speech than in those who stutter (P<0.001). Finally, a significant negative correlation was observed between the mean stuttering frequency and speech rate during both tasks.
Conclusion: Considering the monologue time, subjects with stuttering have higher speech rate and less stuttering in reading. Because of stuttering-induced speech disruptions, subjects with stuttering speak slower during both reading and monologue tasks compared to subjects with fluent speech.
Ambrose NG, Yairi E, Loucks TM, Seery CH, Throneburg R. Relation of motor, linguistic and temperament factors in epidemiologic subtypes of persistent and recovered stuttering: Initial findings. Journal of Fluency Disorders. 2015; 45:12-26. [DOI:10.1016/j.jfludis.2015.05.004] [PMID] [PMCID]
Kelso JAS. Dynamic patterns: The self-organization of brain and behavior. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press; 1995.
Davidow JH, Ingham RJ. The effect of speech rate on stuttering frequency, phonated intervals, speech effort, and speech naturalness during chorus reading. Journal of Communication Disorders. 2013; 46(2):202-16. [DOI:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2012.11.003] [PMID]
Logan KJ, Byrd CT, Mazzocchi EM, Gillam RB. Speaking rate characteristics of elementary-school-aged children who do and do not stutter. Journal of Communication Disorders. 2011; 44(1):130-47. [DOI:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2010.08.001] [PMID]
Thomas E. Sociophonetics: An introduction. London: Palgrave Macmillan; 2010.
Scarborough HS, Rescorla L, Tager-Flusberg H, Fowler AE, Sudhalter V. The relation of utterance length to grammatical complexity in normal and language-disordered groups. Applied Psycholinguistics. 1991; 12(1):23-46. [DOI:10.1017/S014271640000936X]
Chen F, Guan T. Effect of temporal modulation rate on the intelligibility of phase-based speech. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 2013; 134(6):EL520-6. [DOI:10.1121/1.4828978] [PMID]
Boucher VJ, Lalonde B. Effects of the growth of breath capacities on mean length of utterances: How maturing production processes influence indices of language development. Journal of Phonetics. 2015; 52:58-69. [DOI:10.1016/j.wocn.2015.04.005]
Rice ML, Smolik F, Perpich D, Thompson T, Rytting N, Blossom M. Mean length of utterance levels in 6-month intervals for children 3 to 9 years with and without language impairments. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 2010; 53(2):333-49. [DOI:10.1044/1092-4388(2009/08-0183)]
Howell P, Au-Yeung J, Pilgrim L. Utterance rate and linguistic properties as determinants of lexical dysfluencies in children who stutter. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 1999; 105(1):481-90. [DOI:10.1121/1.424585] [PMID] [PMCID]
Onslow M, Costa L, Andrews C, Harrison E, Packman A. Speech outcomes of a prolonged-speech treatment for stuttering. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 1996; 39(4):734-49. [DOI:10.1044/jshr.3904.734] [PMID]
Prins D, Ingham RJ. Reviewing the literature. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 2005; 48(5):1025-8. [DOI:10.1044/1092-4388(2005/070)]
Cooper MH, Allen GD. Timing control accuracy in normal speakers and stutterers. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research. 1977; 20(1):55-71. [DOI:10.1044/jshr.2001.55] [PMID]
Gollan TH, Slattery TJ, Goldenberg D, Van Assche E, Duyck W, Rayner K. Frequency drives lexical access in reading but not in speaking: The frequency-lag hypothesis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 2011; 140(2):186-209. [DOI:10.1037/a0022256] [PMID] [PMCID]
Hayiou-Thomas ME, Harlaar N, Dale PS, Plomin R. Preschool speech, language skills, and reading at 7, 9, and 10 years: Etiology of the relationship. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 2010; 53(2):311-32. [DOI:10.1044/1092-4388(2009/07-0145)]
Smith AB, Roberts J, Smith SL, Locke JL, Bennett J. Reduced speaking rate as an early predictor of reading disability. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology. 2006; 15(3):289-97. [DOI:10.1044/1058-0360(2006/027)]
Young MA. Comparison of stuttering frequencies during reading and speaking. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 1980; 23(1):216-7. [DOI:10.1044/jshr.2301.216] [PMID]
Pinto JCBR, Schiefer AM, Ávila CRBd. [Speech disfluencies and speed in spontaneous production and oral reading in stutterers and non-stutterers (Portuguese)]. Audiology - Communication Research. 2013; 18(2):63-70. [DOI:10.1590/S2317-64312013000200003]
Rezai H, Tahmasebi N, Zamani P, Haghighizadeh MH, Afshani M, Tahzibi F, et al. Duration of stuttered syllables measured by “Computerized Scoring of the Stuttering Severity (CSSS)” and “Pratt”. Iranian Rehabilitation Journal. 2017; 15(2):79-86. [DOI:10.18869/nrip.irj.15.2.79]
Weenink D. Speech signal processing with Praat [Internet] 2018 [Updated 10 april 2018]. Available from: http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/david/LOT/sspbook.pdf. 2018.
Ritto AP, Costa JB, Juste FS, Andrade CRFd. Comparison of different speech tasks among adults who stutter and adults who do not stutter. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2016; 71(3):152-5. [DOI:10.6061/clinics/2016(03)06]
Bakker K, Riley G. SSI-4 software: CSSS-2.0 computerized scoring of the stuttering severity. Austin: Pro-ed Publishing Company; 2003.
Garmatani N, Shafiei B, Feizi A, Salehi A, Howell P. [Determination of the reliability of the stuttering severity instrument-fourth edition specific adults who stutter (Persian)]. Journal of Research in Rehabilitation Sciences. 2012; 8(4):605-11. [DOI:10.13140/RG.2.1.4532.3604]
Boersma P, Weenink D. PRAAT: A system for doing phonetics by computer. Glot International. 2001; 5(9):341-5.
IBM Corporation. IBM SPSS statistics for windows. Armonk, New York: IBM Corporation; 2015.
Shapiro AI. An electromyographic analysis of the fluent and dysfluent utterances of several types of stutterers. Journal of Fluency Disorders. 1980; 5(3):203-31. [DOI:10.1016/0094-730X(80)90029-7]
Johnson W. Measurements of oral reading and speaking rate and disfluency of adult male and female stutterers and nonstutterers. Journal of Speech & Hearing Disorders Monograph Supplement. 1961; (Suppl. 7):1-20. [PMID]
Chapey R. Language intervention strategies in aphasia and related neurogenic communication disorders. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2008.
Levelt WJM. Speaking: From intention to articulation. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press; 1993. [DOI:10.7551/mitpress/6393.001.0001] [PMCID]
Howell P. Assessment of some contemporary theories of stuttering that apply to spontaneous speech. Contemporary Issues in Communication Science and Disorders. 2004; 31(1):123-40. [DOI:10.1044/cicsd_31_S_123]
Franke PE. A preliminary study validating the measurement of oral reading rate in words per minute [PhD. Dissertation]. Iowa: University of Iowa; 1939.
Snidecor JC. A comparative study of the pitch and duration characteristics of impromptu speaking and oral reading. Speech Monographs. 1943; 10(1):50-6. [DOI:10.1080/03637754309390077]
Gilbert JH. A note on oral reading rate. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research. 1968; 11(1):219-21. [DOI:10.1044/jshr.1101.219] [PMID]
Logue D. A psychopharmacological investigation of speech behavior. West Lafayette: Purdue University; 1964.
Kelly JC, Steer MD. Revised concept of rate. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders. 1949; 14(3):222-6. [DOI:10.1044/jshd.1403.222]
Andrade CRFd, Cervone LM, Sassi FC. Relationship between the stuttering severity index and speech rate. Sao Paulo Medical Journal. 2003; 121(2):81-4. [DOI:10.1590/S1516-31802003000200010] [PMID]
Duchin SW, Mysak ED. Disfluency and rate characteristics of young adult, middle-aged, and older males. Journal of Communication Disorders. 1987; 20(3):245-57. [DOI:10.1016/0021-9924(87)90022-0]
Venkatagiri HS. Clinical measurement of rate of reading and discourse in young adults. Fluency Disorder. 1999; 24(3):209-26. [DOI:10.1016/S0094-730X(99)00010-8]
Bloodstein ON. Studies in the psychology of stuttering: XIX. Journal of Speech Disorders. 1944; 9(2):161-73. [DOI:10.1044/jshd.0902.161]
Walker VG. Durational characteristics of young adults during speaking and reading tasks. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica. 1988; 40(1):12-20. [DOI:10.1159/000265879] [PMID]
Kelly EM, Conture EG. Speaking rates, response time latencies, and interrupting behaviors of young stutterers, nonstutterers, and their mothers. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 1992; 35(6):1256-67. [DOI:10.1044/jshr.3506.1256] [PMID]
Arcuri CF, Osborn E, Schiefer AM, Chiari BM. [Speech rate according to the severity of stuttering (Portuguese)]. Pro-Fono Scientific Update Magazine. 2009; 21(1):45-50. [DOI:10.1590/S0104-56872009000100008]
Kalinowski J, Armson J, Stuart A. Effect of normal and fast articulatory rates on stuttering frequency. Journal of Fluency Disorders. 1995; 20(3):293-302. [DOI:10.1016/0094-730X(94)00010-Q]
Kelso JAS. Dynamic patterns: The self-organization of brain and behavior. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press; 1995.
Davidow JH, Ingham RJ. The effect of speech rate on stuttering frequency, phonated intervals, speech effort, and speech naturalness during chorus reading. Journal of Communication Disorders. 2013; 46(2):202-16. [DOI:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2012.11.003] [PMID]
Logan KJ, Byrd CT, Mazzocchi EM, Gillam RB. Speaking rate characteristics of elementary-school-aged children who do and do not stutter. Journal of Communication Disorders. 2011; 44(1):130-47. [DOI:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2010.08.001] [PMID]
Thomas E. Sociophonetics: An introduction. London: Palgrave Macmillan; 2010.
Scarborough HS, Rescorla L, Tager-Flusberg H, Fowler AE, Sudhalter V. The relation of utterance length to grammatical complexity in normal and language-disordered groups. Applied Psycholinguistics. 1991; 12(1):23-46. [DOI:10.1017/S014271640000936X]
Chen F, Guan T. Effect of temporal modulation rate on the intelligibility of phase-based speech. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 2013; 134(6):EL520-6. [DOI:10.1121/1.4828978] [PMID]
Boucher VJ, Lalonde B. Effects of the growth of breath capacities on mean length of utterances: How maturing production processes influence indices of language development. Journal of Phonetics. 2015; 52:58-69. [DOI:10.1016/j.wocn.2015.04.005]
Rice ML, Smolik F, Perpich D, Thompson T, Rytting N, Blossom M. Mean length of utterance levels in 6-month intervals for children 3 to 9 years with and without language impairments. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 2010; 53(2):333-49. [DOI:10.1044/1092-4388(2009/08-0183)]
Howell P, Au-Yeung J, Pilgrim L. Utterance rate and linguistic properties as determinants of lexical dysfluencies in children who stutter. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 1999; 105(1):481-90. [DOI:10.1121/1.424585] [PMID] [PMCID]
Onslow M, Costa L, Andrews C, Harrison E, Packman A. Speech outcomes of a prolonged-speech treatment for stuttering. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 1996; 39(4):734-49. [DOI:10.1044/jshr.3904.734] [PMID]
Prins D, Ingham RJ. Reviewing the literature. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 2005; 48(5):1025-8. [DOI:10.1044/1092-4388(2005/070)]
Cooper MH, Allen GD. Timing control accuracy in normal speakers and stutterers. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research. 1977; 20(1):55-71. [DOI:10.1044/jshr.2001.55] [PMID]
Gollan TH, Slattery TJ, Goldenberg D, Van Assche E, Duyck W, Rayner K. Frequency drives lexical access in reading but not in speaking: The frequency-lag hypothesis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 2011; 140(2):186-209. [DOI:10.1037/a0022256] [PMID] [PMCID]
Hayiou-Thomas ME, Harlaar N, Dale PS, Plomin R. Preschool speech, language skills, and reading at 7, 9, and 10 years: Etiology of the relationship. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 2010; 53(2):311-32. [DOI:10.1044/1092-4388(2009/07-0145)]
Smith AB, Roberts J, Smith SL, Locke JL, Bennett J. Reduced speaking rate as an early predictor of reading disability. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology. 2006; 15(3):289-97. [DOI:10.1044/1058-0360(2006/027)]
Young MA. Comparison of stuttering frequencies during reading and speaking. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 1980; 23(1):216-7. [DOI:10.1044/jshr.2301.216] [PMID]
Pinto JCBR, Schiefer AM, Ávila CRBd. [Speech disfluencies and speed in spontaneous production and oral reading in stutterers and non-stutterers (Portuguese)]. Audiology - Communication Research. 2013; 18(2):63-70. [DOI:10.1590/S2317-64312013000200003]
Rezai H, Tahmasebi N, Zamani P, Haghighizadeh MH, Afshani M, Tahzibi F, et al. Duration of stuttered syllables measured by “Computerized Scoring of the Stuttering Severity (CSSS)” and “Pratt”. Iranian Rehabilitation Journal. 2017; 15(2):79-86. [DOI:10.18869/nrip.irj.15.2.79]
Weenink D. Speech signal processing with Praat [Internet] 2018 [Updated 10 april 2018]. Available from: http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/david/LOT/sspbook.pdf. 2018.
Ritto AP, Costa JB, Juste FS, Andrade CRFd. Comparison of different speech tasks among adults who stutter and adults who do not stutter. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2016; 71(3):152-5. [DOI:10.6061/clinics/2016(03)06]
Bakker K, Riley G. SSI-4 software: CSSS-2.0 computerized scoring of the stuttering severity. Austin: Pro-ed Publishing Company; 2003.
Garmatani N, Shafiei B, Feizi A, Salehi A, Howell P. [Determination of the reliability of the stuttering severity instrument-fourth edition specific adults who stutter (Persian)]. Journal of Research in Rehabilitation Sciences. 2012; 8(4):605-11. [DOI:10.13140/RG.2.1.4532.3604]
Boersma P, Weenink D. PRAAT: A system for doing phonetics by computer. Glot International. 2001; 5(9):341-5.
IBM Corporation. IBM SPSS statistics for windows. Armonk, New York: IBM Corporation; 2015.
Shapiro AI. An electromyographic analysis of the fluent and dysfluent utterances of several types of stutterers. Journal of Fluency Disorders. 1980; 5(3):203-31. [DOI:10.1016/0094-730X(80)90029-7]
Johnson W. Measurements of oral reading and speaking rate and disfluency of adult male and female stutterers and nonstutterers. Journal of Speech & Hearing Disorders Monograph Supplement. 1961; (Suppl. 7):1-20. [PMID]
Chapey R. Language intervention strategies in aphasia and related neurogenic communication disorders. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2008.
Levelt WJM. Speaking: From intention to articulation. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press; 1993. [DOI:10.7551/mitpress/6393.001.0001] [PMCID]
Howell P. Assessment of some contemporary theories of stuttering that apply to spontaneous speech. Contemporary Issues in Communication Science and Disorders. 2004; 31(1):123-40. [DOI:10.1044/cicsd_31_S_123]
Franke PE. A preliminary study validating the measurement of oral reading rate in words per minute [PhD. Dissertation]. Iowa: University of Iowa; 1939.
Snidecor JC. A comparative study of the pitch and duration characteristics of impromptu speaking and oral reading. Speech Monographs. 1943; 10(1):50-6. [DOI:10.1080/03637754309390077]
Gilbert JH. A note on oral reading rate. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research. 1968; 11(1):219-21. [DOI:10.1044/jshr.1101.219] [PMID]
Logue D. A psychopharmacological investigation of speech behavior. West Lafayette: Purdue University; 1964.
Kelly JC, Steer MD. Revised concept of rate. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders. 1949; 14(3):222-6. [DOI:10.1044/jshd.1403.222]
Andrade CRFd, Cervone LM, Sassi FC. Relationship between the stuttering severity index and speech rate. Sao Paulo Medical Journal. 2003; 121(2):81-4. [DOI:10.1590/S1516-31802003000200010] [PMID]
Duchin SW, Mysak ED. Disfluency and rate characteristics of young adult, middle-aged, and older males. Journal of Communication Disorders. 1987; 20(3):245-57. [DOI:10.1016/0021-9924(87)90022-0]
Venkatagiri HS. Clinical measurement of rate of reading and discourse in young adults. Fluency Disorder. 1999; 24(3):209-26. [DOI:10.1016/S0094-730X(99)00010-8]
Bloodstein ON. Studies in the psychology of stuttering: XIX. Journal of Speech Disorders. 1944; 9(2):161-73. [DOI:10.1044/jshd.0902.161]
Walker VG. Durational characteristics of young adults during speaking and reading tasks. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica. 1988; 40(1):12-20. [DOI:10.1159/000265879] [PMID]
Kelly EM, Conture EG. Speaking rates, response time latencies, and interrupting behaviors of young stutterers, nonstutterers, and their mothers. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 1992; 35(6):1256-67. [DOI:10.1044/jshr.3506.1256] [PMID]
Arcuri CF, Osborn E, Schiefer AM, Chiari BM. [Speech rate according to the severity of stuttering (Portuguese)]. Pro-Fono Scientific Update Magazine. 2009; 21(1):45-50. [DOI:10.1590/S0104-56872009000100008]
Kalinowski J, Armson J, Stuart A. Effect of normal and fast articulatory rates on stuttering frequency. Journal of Fluency Disorders. 1995; 20(3):293-302. [DOI:10.1016/0094-730X(94)00010-Q]
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| Issue | Vol 13 No 3 (2019) | |
| Section | Research Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.32598/JMR.13.3.153 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Speech rate Reading Adult Stuttering | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Rezai H, Torabi H, Tahmasebi N, Haghighizadeh MH, Zamani P, Abdi F, Karami MM, Mehdipour Z. Comparing Speech Rate and Stuttering Frequency During Reading and Monologue Between Subjects With and Without Stuttering. jmr. 2020;13(3):153-160.
