Background: Tinnitus, the perception of sound without external stimuli, affects approximately 14.4% of adults globally and significantly impacts mental health. It is commonly associated with anxiety, depression, and cognitive dysfunction, contributing to a decreased quality of life. Tinnitus can be classified as subjective or objective, and its severity and associated psychological distress vary widely among individuals.
Methods: A comprehensive review of literature published between 2010 and 2024 was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Keywords related to tinnitus and mental health (e.g., anxiety, depression, mood disorders) were used to identify human studies exploring the psychological impact of tinnitus.
Results: Research consistently demonstrates that individuals with tinnitus experience different rates of anxiety and depression, with prevalence rates ranging from 18.5% to 48.33% for anxiety and 6% to 84% for depression. Shared neural pathways, including the anterior cingulate cortex, insula, and amygdala, contribute to both tinnitus and mental health conditions. Psychological interventions such as Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and mindfulness-based therapies (MBIs) have shown effectiveness in reducing tinnitus distress and improving mental well-being.
Conclusion: Tinnitus has a significant impact on mental health, contributing to anxiety, depression, and sleep disturbances. A multidisciplinary approach addressing both auditory and psychological aspects of tinnitus is crucial for effective management. Further research is needed to optimize treatment strategies and understand the complex interplay between tinnitus and mental health.

Objectives: To systematically review and evaluate the evidence regarding the effect of sign language on language development in deaf and hard-of-hearing children.
Method: A comprehensive search of electronic databases, including PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, EMBASE, Scholar Google, and ProQuest from 1995 until April 2024., with no language restrictions, was conducted. The two authors independently assessed the risk of bias using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale.
Results: Six studies involving 259 participants found that sign language exposure benefits language development in deaf children with hearing aids/cochlear implants. Children exposed to sign language showed similar or even better-spoken language skills than those with limited sign language exposure. Encouraging parents to learn sign language can significantly support deaf children's communication and language development.
Conclusion: Deaf children with cochlear implants benefit most from a communication approach tailored to their needs. Early intervention, parental involvement, and a rich language environment (signed or spoken) are key. While sign language exposure shows promise, more research is needed, especially on its long-term effects and use by hearing parents. PROSPERO registration ID: CRD42023402357

Introduction: Active vision therapy, integrating perceptual learning with dichoptic or binocular environments, has shown potential effectiveness in treating amblyopia. However, uncertainties linger regarding the optimal types of stimuli and the best approaches and sequences for their presentation. This systematic review evaluates the effectiveness of psychophysical visual stimuli-based interventions, particularly perceptual learning and dichoptic training, in treating amblyopia.
Materials and Methods: A comprehensive literature search across major databases, such as PubMed and Google Scholar, yielded 26 studies involving 993 amblyopic patients. These studies investigated various visual training methods, including perceptual learning, dichoptic stimulation, and combinations of both, with stimuli such as Gabor patches, letter optotypes, Vernier stimuli, and random-dot stereograms.
Results: The findings indicate that perceptual learning enhances visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and stereopsis, even in adult patients, by leveraging neural plasticity. Dichoptic training, which engages both eyes simultaneously, shows promise in reducing suppression and improving binocular integration, providing a potential advantage over traditional patching therapy. Gabor patches emerged as particularly effective, stimulating the visual cortex to drive neural efficiency.
Conclusion: Vision therapy can be an effective strategy for treating amblyopia and potentially reduce the overall treatment time when used alongside patching. In addition, it is imperative to modify the stimuli to align with the distinct characteristics of the patient during both monocular and binocular training.

Background It has been shown that there are some neural contributions to muscle fatigue which decreases the neural drive to the muscle.
Aims This research was aimed to determine whether exercise-induced fatigue can affect cognitive functions, especially those involved in attentional control (i.e., alerting, orientation, and executive functions) and to identify any differences in attentional control between active and inactive individuals after exercise-induced fatigue.
Methods We divided 24 participants into active and inactive subgroups and used sub-maximum aerobic endurance training to induce fatigue to the exhaustion point.
ResultsThe results showed that fatiguing physical activity improved alertness in both groups, decreased orientation speed in the inactive group (and made no significant difference in the active group) and improved the executive control network of the active group. Fatiguing exercise also increased executive control errors in the inactive group.
Conclusions The effect of exercise-induced fatigue on attention networks depended on the participants’ level of physical fitness and the specific task used for measuring each of the attention networks.

Background: Patellar tendinopathy is a prevalent overuse injury among volleyball players due to the repetitive jumping, landing, and sudden directional changes. Plyometric training enhances tendon strength and neuromuscular coordination but involves high-impact movements that may worsen symptoms. Aquatic training provides a low-impact alternative, using water's buoyancy to reduce stress while improving strength and flexibility. This study aiming to evaluate their effectiveness in reducing pain and improving function in volleyball players with patellar tendinopathy.
Method: The study recruited volleyball players aged 18-24years with diagnosed patellar tendinopathy. A total of 30 university level volley ball players who were randomly assigned into two groups: Group A Plyometric training (n=15) and Group B Aquatic training (n =15). All the players underwent pre- test measurement with Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) The Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment (VISA) Patella (P) score and the post-test were measured at the end of sixth week.
Results: Comparing pre-test and post-test values of NPRS and VISA-P between groups revealed significant differences. Group B showed better outcomes, with a mean NPRS value of 1.73 ± 0.703 compared to Group A's 3.13 ± 0.743 (p ≤ 0.05, effect size d = 1.93). Similarly, Group B's mean VISA-P score (65.80 ± 5.37) was higher than Group A's (58.73 ± 5.29) (p ≤ 0.05, effect size d = 1.32). These results indicate that aquatic training treatment is more effective than plyometric training.
Conclusion: This study demonstrates that aquatic training is more effective than plyometric training in managing patellar tendinopathy in university volleyball players, showing significant improvements in symptoms.  

Background: Machine learning software programs are of great interest at the scientific and applied levels in medical sciences today. There are various applications for these software programs in the field of diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Elderly people can benefit significantly from these software programs due to their physical limitations. The aim of this study is to develop and evaluate a supervised machine learning model for predicting functional constipation (FC) in the elderly.
Methods: The specific software in excel was designed as logistic regression supervised machine learning (LR-SML 402). This software development was based on a secondary analysis of source data, exclusive articles, and doctoral dissertations of elderly individuals with FC who underwent colorectal evaluations using advanced laboratory equipment. The correlation between labeled data and the output data of colorectal parameters was measured using 480 datasets from published sources and research labs. Strong correlations were obtained between variables such as age, body mass index, and Wexner's questionnaire with indicators of FC.
Results: To validate the performance of LR-SML 402, the results were compared with those of a neural network in SPSS software. The model designed in Excel software demonstrated strong capability in terms of sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve (AUC).
Conclusion: The findings show that the supervised machine learning approach using logistic regression may provide meaningful clinical predictions in determining laboratory indicators of FC in the elderly. This approach can reduce the time and cost of diagnosis.

Background: A relation between hamstring tightness and Plantar Fasciopathy (PF) has been reported in the literature. Hamstring flossing was reported to improve hamstring flexibility, however its effect on balance and foot function in patients with PF was not clearly investigated. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of conventional physical therapy treatment protocol plus hamstring flossing with conventional physical therapy treatment protocol alone on balance and foot function in patients with PF.
Materials and Methods: Thirty patients with PF were randomly assigned into study group (A) patients received hamstring flossing in addition to the conventional physical therapy treatment protocol, whereas patients in control group (B) received only the conventional physical therapy treatment protocol. Foot function was evaluated by Foot Function Index (FFI), while Overall Stability Index (OSI) was assessed by the Biodex Balance system. The outcomes were evaluated at the baseline and after three weeks of intervention. The groups were compared using the two-way mixed design MANOVA test.
Results: Results revealed a significant improvement in the post testing mean values of FFI score and OSI compared with the pre testing ones in flossing and control groups (p = 0.001). No significant differences for both variables post-treatment between both groups were found (P>0.05).
Conclusion: The combination of conventional treatment of PF and hamstring flossing had no additive gain compared with conventional treatment only for managing patients with plantar fasciopathy

Background: Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is the descent of pelvic organ from its anatomical position which affects the quality of life in women. Traditional pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) has shown benefits, but adherence and technique execution can be challenging. The Franklin method allows individuals to recognise the body image and enhance neuromuscular control. This study aims to determine the effects of Franklin method with Pelvic Floor Muscle Training for women with POP.
Methods: This study includes a group of women with pelvic organ prolapse stage 1 and 2, age 45-55, no associated neurological defects and no present history of the uro-gynecological disorder. Participants were excluded from the study if they had any of the following: uncontrolled systemic illness, history of malignancy, active infection such as pelvic inflammatory disease, ongoing hormonal therapy, inability to understand or respond accurately to the questionnaire, or if they had undergone pelvic surgery within the past 4 weeks. All the participants (120) underwent Franklin method and PFMT for 6 weeks, the outcome measures included Prolapse Quality of Life questionnaire (P-QoL) and ICIQ-FLUTS tamil measured before and after intervention.
Result: The mean values of P-QoL before and after intervention were 56.74 and 47.06. In ICIQ-FLUTS tamil, the overall mean value was pre-test:36.09 and post-test:20.22. Quality of life and incontinence symptoms showed a significant improvement (p value ≤0.001) after the 6 weeks of intervention.
Conclusion: Franklin method along with PFMT showed significant improvement in symptoms of POP.

Background: Ankle sprains are among the most common injuries and affect functional mobility, lower extremity function and health status. Accessing to a reliable measurement tool to assess diverse real-world lower extremity use in patients following ankle sprain seems essential. Researchers have developed number of measurements to determine rehabilitation goals and also measure the effects of therapeutic interventions. This study was conducted to translate the original English Lower Extremity Motor Activity Log (LE-MAL) to Persian and to investigate the psychometric properties of the Persian version.
Material and Methods: The LE-MAL was translated to Persian and adapted to the Persian culture. Then a total of 140 patients with ankle sprain filled out the Persian LE-MAL, Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS) and Life Space Questionnaire (LSQ). The Persian LE-MAL was re-completed by participants with an interval of two weeks and internal consistency, test-retest reliability and construct validity were investigated.
Results: The Persian LE-MAL had good internal consistency (Cronbach's α =0.95) and test-retest reliability (ICC=0.76). The construct validity of the Persian LE-MAL was demonstrated to be acceptable as a result of its significantly strong correlations with LEFS and LSQ (0.74<r<0.77). Standard error of measurement was less than 10% of the total instrument score (SEM=0.43) and minimal detectable change was 1.2. No ceiling and floor effect observed.
Conclusion: Persian version of LE-MAL is a valid and reliable measurement to assess lower extremity function in people with ankle sprain.

Background: Early post-stroke rehabilitation reduces disability and improves quality of life. However, limited access to rehabilitation facilities can be challenging. Home-based telerehabilitation emerges as a viable solution to reach distant stroke populations. Motoric recovery relies on penumbral reorganization and restructuring. Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) plays a crucial role in synaptic plasticity regulation. Yet, the impact of additional rehabilitation sessions on BDNF levels and motoric function in post-stroke patients remains unexplored.
Method: A randomized controlled trial was conducted, involving 50 stroke patients from June to September 2023. Medical history was assessed via a questionnaire, and motoric function was evaluated using the Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA). Blood samples were drawn to measure BDNF levels. The intervention included prescribing home-based exercises using a telerehabilitation application on cellphones for 12 weeks. BDNF levels and FMA scores were reassessed at the study's conclusion.
Result: Significant increases in BDNF and FMA scores were observed in the mobile-based telerehabilitation group. The increment of BDNF and FMA in the intervention group exceeded that of the control group.
Conclusion: Mobile-based telerehabilitation proves superior to conventional home exercise programs for delivering home-based therapeutic exercises.