Understanding how spectacle‑lens coating types are distributed across retail channels is essential for anticipating demand and guiding inventory and service planning. In Iran, optical retail operates through distinct socioeconomic and purchasing channels, including high‑income area stores, low‑income area stores, and online shops, each associated with different levels of affordability and product assortment. This editorial summarizes coating‑type selection patterns across these segments and interprets observed time trends and 10‑year logarithmic forecasts to outline plausible market evolution. Data from 4,615 ophthalmic lenses were analyzed, comprising 2,521 lenses from high‑income area stores, 1,674 from low‑income area stores, and 420 from online shops. Anti‑reflex coatings constituted the dominant baseline option in physical retail settings, whereas Blue Cut lenses occupied a broadly accessible mid‑tier position across income groups. In contrast, Blue Control lenses, representing a premium blue‑light‑filtering option, were minimally represented in low‑income retail but accounted for nearly half of online sales, reflecting a strong affordability and channel‑specific gradient. Photochromic lenses formed a smaller but persistent share across all segments. Hard coating (CR‑39 without coating) was observed exclusively in low‑income stores, consistent with budget‑constrained purchasing. Time‑trend analysis and 10‑year forecasts suggest that premium‑feature growth will remain concentrated in affluent retail environments and the online channel, while low‑income stores are likely to continue transitioning away from the lowest‑quality lens options. The pace of this transition is expected to depend on supply‑chain stability, inventory capability, and the availability of affordable mid‑tier alternatives. Overall, coating‑type selection in Iranian optical retail reflects durable socioeconomic segmentation, with implications for demand forecasting, inventory management, and service planning over the coming decade.

Background: Tinnitus, defined as the perception of sound without an external source, affects 10% to 24% of adults and can significantly impair quality of life. Mind-body approaches—including mindfulness-based interventions, yoga, and hypnosis—have been increasingly explored as complementary strategies for tinnitus management, though their efficacy remains under investigation.
Methods: A narrative review was conducted utilizing PubMed, Scopus, Medline, Web of Science, and Google Scholar to identify English-language studies (1995-2024) on mindfulness, yoga, and hypnosis for tinnitus management. Studies were selected based on predefined inclusion criteria, and the findings were summarized to assess efficacy, mechanisms, and limitations.       
Results: Mindfulness-based interventions (e.g., Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy [MBCT], Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction [MBSR]) demonstrate moderate evidence of reducing tinnitus distress and improving anxiety and depression, with some studies reporting sustained benefits for up to six months. Although rigorous trials are lacking, yoga has preliminary evidence, with small studies suggesting benefits for stress and tinnitus-related symptoms. Hypnosis studies, often outdated, indicate preliminary benefits for tinnitus severity and psychological symptoms; however, effects are inconsistent and poorly sustained. Negative findings, such as limited impact on tinnitus intensity or anxiety, tend to be underreported.
Conclusion: Mindfulness-based interventions show promising clinical efficacy for managing tinnitus, especially the psychological symptoms, whereas yoga and hypnosis necessitate further rigorous trials. Future studies should emphasize head-to-head comparisons, long-term outcomes, integration with existing therapies like cognitive behavioral therapy, and include diverse populations to enhance clinical applicability.

Background: Learning disabilities (LDs) are among the most common developmental and educational challenges faced by school-age children worldwide. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to provide a pooled estimate of the prevalence of all types of learning disabilities in elementary school students in Iran.
Material and Methods: A comprehensive systematic search was performed in the international and national databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Magiran, and SID, from 1990 to March 18, 2025. The quality of articles was evaluated by the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI). All analyses in this study were performed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) software, version 3.0.
Results: A total of 32 studies, comprising 81363 students, were included. The pooled prevalence of LDs among elementary school children in Iran was 5.6% (boys 6.4% and girls 5%). The prevalence of LDs in first-, second-, third-, fourth-, fifth-, and sixth-grade students was 9.5%, 6.9%, 6.2%, 5.2%, 4.5%, and 3.1%, respectively. The pooled prevalence of dyslexia, dyscalculia, and dysgraphia was 5.4%, 4.3%, and 3.4%, respectively.
Conclusions: This systematic review and meta-analysis reveal that at least one in 20 Iranian students has a learning disability, and this rate rises to one in ten in early grades.

Introduction: Hearing and balance are vital body functions that allow us to communicate with our surroundings and effectively participate in everyday activities. These two functions are influenced by a variety of factors, including vitamins. In this article, we will examine the role of vitamins on hearing and balance, and the effects of deficiencies in these nutrients on ear and balance health.
Materials and Methods: This review examined the effects of vitamins on hearing. We identified 71 studies published since 2000 through searches of Medline (PubMed), Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, PubMed, EBSCO, ASHA, Thieme and the ProQuest.
Results: Evidence suggests that vitamins A, B, C, D, and E are associated with auditory and vestibular health. Deficiencies in these vitamins have been linked to hearing loss, tinnitus, dizziness, and impaired inner ear function. In particular, vitamins A and E support hair cell integrity and protect against oxidative stress, while B and C vitamins contribute to neural function. Vitamin D is also important for vestibular health through its role in calcium regulation.
Conclusion: Ensuring adequate intake of these vitamins through diet or supplementation may help prevent hearing and balance disorders and improve quality of life

Blue light blocking filters are recognized as important tools for reducing the harmful effects of light emitted from digital screens. This narrative review, based on a comprehensive search of databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, Medline, Scopus, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect, examines studies published between 2010 and 2024 and evaluates the effects of these filters on eye health, sleep quality, and related functions. Findings indicate that the use of these filters can help reduce visual discomfort and improve individual factors such as circadian rhythm and sleep quality. Moreover, the relationship between blue light blocking filters and the reduction of sleep disorders such as insomnia, anxiety, migraines, photophobia, mania, computer vision syndrome, and accommodative problems has been investigated. The effects of these filters on retinal structure and function, their potential to reduce the risk of age-related macular degeneration (ARMD), and their influence on contrast sensitivity, color perception, and motion detection have also been discussed. Some studies suggest that these filters may affect contrast sensitivity; however, further research is needed to clarify these effects. The use of these filters is recommended for individuals who are continuously exposed to digital devices. Although these lenses do not significantly impact overall color perception, they may cause difficulties in distinguishing colors, particularly within the blue spectrum. This study, as a narrative review, provides a comprehensive overview of the effects of blue light blocking filters and emphasizes the need for further research in this area.

Introduction: Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) is considered a transitional stage between normal cognitive aging and Alzheimer’s disease. Given the challenges in accurately distinguishing MCI from the healthy elderly (HE), researchers have increasingly turned to event-related potentials (ERPs) to identify early neural changes, particularly in verbal and episodic memory processing.
Methods: This review synthesizes ERP studies from 2000 to 2025 that utilized verbal episodic memory paradigms to differentiate between MCI and HE. The databases PsycINFO and PubMed were searched for peer-reviewed articles. The reporting of this review follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews checklist.
Results: In these studies, core aspects of verbal processing—including semantic congruity and recognition—combined with episodic memory manipulation have consistently reported alterations in ERP components such as the N400, FN400, and Late Positive Component (LPC) in MCI. Reduced or delayed N400 and LPC responses, as well as altered scalp distributions, have been shown to be sensitive to verbal memory deficits in MCI, often preceding behavioral impairments. Moreover, ERP paradigms integrating semantic and episodic memory have shown that the interaction between memory systems further enhances diagnostic precision.
Conclusion: The reviewed literature highlights that verbal ERP paradigms are not only effective in differentiating MCI from HE but also capture subtle neurophysiological changes that might be overlooked by behavioral measures alone. These results underscore the potential of ERPs as non-invasive, cost-effective biomarkers for early cognitive impairment.

Introduction: Positive psychology can be the antidote to fatigue and burnout in environments where workers face disability, adversity, and suffering. The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of positive psychotherapy based on the PERMA flourishing model in reducing occupational burnout and compassion fatigue among staff working in rehabilitation centers affiliated with the Welfare Organization — an understudied population whose wellbeing may affect service quality and client outcomes.
Materials and Methods: A single-case experimental design was used with five rehabilitation staff members in Yazd, Iran. Participants received eight weekly sessions of the PERMA flourishing program. Burnout and compassion fatigue were assessed before, during, and after the intervention, with clinical improvement evaluated using the Reliable Change Index (RCI).  
Results: The results demonstrated a significant reduction in burnout and compassion fatigue, with an acceptable percentage of improvement and RCI values exceeding 1.96 (p < 0.05). For emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and secondary traumatic stress, RCI values exceeded 2.58 (p < 0.01), with improvement percentages ranging from 23–100%, 52–64%, and 24–80%, respectively. For compassion satisfaction, compassion fatigue, and secondary traumatic stress, RCI values ranged from 1.96 to 2.58 (p < 0.05–0.01), with improvement percentages of 14–48%, 25–52%, and 23–33%, respectively. These results indicate statistically and clinically meaningful improvements following the PERMA flourishing intervention.
Conclusion: Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the PERMA flourishing program may serve as an effective intervention for reducing occupational burnout and compassion fatigue among rehabilitation personnel.

Background - Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is an inherited neuromuscular disorder caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene, leading to progressive muscle weakness. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of telerehabilitation in the improvement of pulmonary function in DMD patients.
Materials and Methods - An interventional study was conducted among boys aged 5 to 12 years with DMD enrolled in the Pediatric Neurology clinic between September 2023 to February 2024. Telemedicine-based respiratory exercises were explained to the patients and their parents every 15 days for a 3 month-period, and patients were encouraged to do exercise for at least 5 days a week. Pulmonary function tests, including Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) and Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second (FEV1), were recorded before and after intervention.
Results –67 children participated in this study. There was significant improvement in forced vital capacity (FVC) [p value <0.001, Cohen’s d value=1.93] and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) [p value <0.001, Cohen’s d value=1.06]. The FEV1/FVC ratio, a parameter that can be elevated in restrictive diseases, was also significantly decreased [p value <0.001, Cohen’s d value = -0.63]. For a one-unit increase in age, the FVC change after intervention was predicted to decrease significantly by 0.24 units, holding other variables constant.
Conclusions: Telemedicine-based pulmonary rehabilitation for 3 months markedly improved the pulmonary function, thus concluding that this intervention is effective in improving the pulmonary function of DMD patients, and effectiveness is more if telerehabilitation is started at an early age.

Background: Post-prostatectomy stress urinary incontinence (PPSUI) is a common complication following radical prostatectomy. This study compared the efficacy of integrative physical therapy (IPT) and supervised pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) in managing PPSUI.
Methods: Sixty-six men aged 50–80 years with PPSUI were randomly assigned to IPT, PFMT, or control groups. The IPT program included electrotherapy, manual therapy, diaphragmatic breathing, and PFMT. The PFMT group received supervised PFMT. The control group received sham electrotherapy. All interventions were delivered in 12 sessions over four weeks. Outcome measures included voided volume, fluid intake, micturition frequency, incontinence frequency, and health-related quality of life assessed using the SF-12 questionnaire.
Results: Both IPT and PFMT significantly reduced micturition and incontinence frequency and improved SF-12 scores compared with the control group (p<0.001). The control group showed no significant improvements across any outcome measures. IPT demonstrated superior improvements relative to PFMT in micturition frequency, incontinence frequency, and SF-12 scores (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Both IPT and PFMT are effective for PPSUI, with IPT showing greater overall efficacy.

Background: Low back pain (LBP) is a musculoskeletal disorder commonly associated with altered gait patterns, but little information exists on comparative specific spatiotemporal gait parameters in individuals with LBP. This gap is addressed in the present study by comparing the mean values of stride length, step length, and stride time, as well as corresponding measures of hip extension and peak knee flexion angle, using Kinovea software.
Material and Methods: This observational study was done on 200 subjects, 100 healthy (group I) and 100 LBP individuals (group II). The inclusion and exclusion criteria were used to select the study subjects. All participants underwent a gait analysis using Kinovea software, and gait parameters, including stride length, step time, and hip extension, were also measured. Statistical associations with gait parameters and the presence of LBP were analyzed.
Results: Subjects with low back pain showed significant gait alteration with decreased stride length (mean difference (MD) 32.93 cm, p=0.001), decreased step length (18.52 cm, p=0.001), and reduced hip extension (1.88°, p=0.001) with weak to moderate correlation (r=0.214-0.282). These gait impairments were independent of the body composition.
Conclusions: The research results in the identification of significant changes in the gait patterns of patients with and without low back pain, as revealed by Kinovea software, characterized by low step length, high temporal duration, and low magnitude of hip extension. These results provide quantitatively measurable differences in gait dynamics due to inter-individual differences that are observed clinically.

Background: Ankle sprains are common in competitive sports, especially football, accounting for about 15–17% of collegiate athletic injuries. Lateral ankle sprains occur frequently due to rapid directional changes, jumping, and intense landings. Plyometric training, involving explosive and dynamic movements, is gaining attention for its role in rehabilitation and injury prevention. The aim of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of plyometric training on balance and foot function among collegiate football players with lateral ankle sprains.
Material and Methods: Collegiate football players with lateral ankle sprain (LAS) completed a four-week plyometric training program consisting of three thirty-minute sessions per week that included Pogo Hops, Lateral Jumps, Forward Jumps and Single Leg Split Squats. The values of Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) and Foot Function Index (FFI) scores pre- and post-intervention were compared with paired-sample t-test with significance set at p < 0.05.
Results: The study showed significant improvements in SEBT scores increased in the right limb (anterior: 80.400 ± 1.265 to 80.800 ± 1.206 cm, p<0.05) and left limb (anterior: 80.400 ± 1.265 to 80.850 ± 1.132 cm, p<0.05), with similar gains in posteromedial and posterolateral directions. FFI scores also improved for both limbs (right: 80.450 ± 1.165 to 80.850 ± 1.132; left: 80.550 ± 1.235 to 81.000 ± 1.179, p<0.05), indicating better balance and foot function.
Conclusions: Plyometric Training would typically emphasize its effectiveness in enhancing balance and foot function in collegiate football players recovering from lateral ankle sprains.

This study introduces a human-machine model utilizing OpenSim. It examines the impact of a passive (unactuated) lower-limb rehabilitation exoskeleton on biomechanics during ambulation. The model assesses how well the joints are aligned, how the muscles are used, and how well the design performs. The exoskeleton is made of T6061 aluminum alloy, which makes it light and easy to move. Each leg has three active joints and two passive joints that work in the sagittal plane. Musculoskeletal and exoskeleton models are simulated together in MATLAB and OpenSim. MATLAB scripts set their dynamic properties. A six-degree-of-freedom bushing models the interaction between the human and the exoskeleton at contact points. Joint angles come from experimental gait measurements. A residual-reduction algorithm reduces dynamic errors while keeping the resulting residual forces and moments within acceptable limits. Muscle activations and forces are estimated using computed muscle control, which follows joint paths. Simulations show that even in passive mode, the exoskeleton increases overall lower-limb muscle activation by more than 50% compared to walking without assistance. Significant increases occur in the rectus femoris, gluteus maximus, semimembranosus, and vastus lateralis. Joint torques also change: swing-leg hip and knee torques decrease by about 50%, support-leg torques increase because of the load, and ankle torque adjusts for compensation. These non-invasive simulations show reduced torque variability and support better design updates. This leads to improved exoskeleton alignment and evaluation before physical prototyping.

Background: To introduce Dynamic Temporal and Tactile Cueing (DTTC), which is one of the treatment methods for Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS), and it seems the characteristics make it a suitable option for the treatment of AOS patients. Additionally, no documented treatment protocol has been published in Iran for the treatment of AOS patients so far, so this study protocol intends to investigate the DTTC efficacy in the treatment of Persian-speaking patients with acquired AOS who will be allocated to this study using a non-probability and convenience method.
Material and Methods: A single subject study with multiple baseline design across participants was designed to obtain detailed information about intervention procedure on at least three participants' performance and a perceptual scoring system was introduced to measure the accuracy of treated and untreated words and phrases as a dependent variable.
Conclusions: This study describes the first research for investigating efficacy of DTTC on AOS patients' speech and the first treatment protocol in the field of treating Persian-speaking patients with AOS.

Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) affects not only motor function but also cognition and language, including narrative discourse, which relies on linguistic processes and higher-order cognitive functions such as working memory and executive functions. So, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between narrative discourse features and cognitive functions in Persian-speaking PD patients.
Material and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 26 PD patients and 26 age, sex, and education-matched healthy controls participated. Cognitive performance was assessed using the Persian Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA-P), digit span, Stroop, verbal fluency, and the Persian Cognitive Reserve Index (CRIq). Narrative discourse was evaluated using the Persian Narrative Discourse Test. Data were analyzed with the Mann-Whitney test and Spearman correlation.
Results: In PD patients, syntactic complexity correlated positively with MoCA-P (p = 0.001, rₛ = 0.627), CRIq (p = 0.012, rₛ = 0.487), phonological verbal fluency (p = 0.032, rₛ = 0.420), and forward digit span (p = 0.015, rₛ = 0.472). Lexical cohesion correlated with MoCA-P (p = 0.012, rₛ = 0.484) and CRIq (p = 0.002, rₛ = 0.573), while conjunctive cohesion was associated with MoCA-P (p = 0.022, rₛ = 0.448) and semantic verbal fluency (fruits) (p = 0.041, rₛ = 0.404).
Conclusions: The results of this study demonstrate that higher levels of global cognition, working memory, verbal fluency, and cognitive reserve are associated with increased syntactic complexity and enhanced lexical and conjunctive cohesion in the narrative discourse of patients with PD. These findings indicate that cognitive decline adversely affects narrative organization and structural integrity.

This research introduces a novel, technology-driven approach to back pain rehabilitation by integrating real-time pose detection with interactive Unity-based gaming experiences. Our system delivers personalized exercise regimens targeting flexibility, strength, and posture while providing users with immediate feedback. User friendly gaming platform was developed using the Unity engine that integrates real-time analysis of physical exercises. The system successfully analysed the performance of three major exercises Knee-to-chest stretch (cross crunches), side bend, forward and backward bends and demonstrated a measurable improvement in the user scoring pattern, suggesting enhanced engagement and effective performance analysis. By successfully gamifying these therapeutic exercises, we aim to significantly boost user engagement and adherence to treatment protocols, leading to improved long-term spinal health outcomes. This framework offers a dynamic, adaptable, and highly scalable solution for individuals with varying rehabilitation needs, demonstrating the potential to profoundly impact the quality of life for those affected by back pain. Transforming exercises into a game is key to driving better, sustained outcomes that helps in achieving superior long-term therapeutic results.