Teaching foreign languages, such as, English as international language, to children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been considered by the researchers of language instruction, language learning, and teachers of children with special needs. The population of children diagnosed with autism is rapidly growing and it is indispensable that they have similar opportunities for enhancing life skills, education, successful interactions and universal communicative skills. In the present research, we will review and discuss the findings of past studies that investigated effective ways and efficient methods for teaching English as foreign language to these children. Although the restricted literatures have been done throughout the world, the reviewed studies demonstrated improvement of the English language learning by suitable strategies and various methods including pictures representing, humanoid robots, Montessori-oriented methods, applied behavior analysis(ABA), cognitive method , the picture exchange communication system(PECS), well designed educational environment, mixed methods and strategies, speech therapy, media, total physical response (TPR) and individualized education plan (IEP). This narrative review, encourages various interventions and integrated methods for teaching English language to autistic children, taking into consideration their differences from diverse aspects.

Background: Grip strength is a vital hand function skill required to perform everyday tasks. Diseases and conditions deteriorate grip strength. Repetitive exercises can improve grip strength, but people are non-compliant with home exercise programs. Gamification of exercises can increase home exercise compliance. A device is needed to measure and rehabilitate grip strength remotely to deliver exercises remotely. A preliminary search on that topic did not provide any review literature on grip strength devices. The aim of this scoping literature review (SLR) was to explore various electronic devices and sensors used to measure grip strength.
Methods: Five electronic databases - PubMed, IEEE, Scopus, ACM digital library, and Web of Science, were searched for this review. Modified preferred reporting items for systematic literature review (SLR) and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were used, with Population/Disease, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome (PICO) employed to identify keywords and frame research questions.
Results: The results of the search yielded 3,546 articles, and after elimination, 15 articles met the inclusion criteria for review. This scoping review has categorized various devices and sensors that measured grip strength, along with their wireless communication and gamification capabilities.
Conclusion: The categorization presented in this review can help researchers to use this information for future directions by emphasizing research gaps and design telerehabilitation devices.

Objective: This preliminary study investigated the effects of adding exergame training to conventional exercises on the functional activities of newly fitted patients with unilateral transtibial amputation.
Patients & Methods: A total of 22 newly fitted patients with unilateral transtibial amputation were equally and randomly divided into two groups: Exergame (EG), those performing exercises and exergame training; and Control (C), those performing exercise only. The 2-Min Walk test (2MWT), Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, Amputee Mobility Predictor with Prosthesis Test (AMPPRO), and Physiological Cost Index were assessed at baseline and after 2 and 4 weeks of the intervention.
Results: Both interventions effectively improved the 2MWT distance, TUG test time, and AMPPRO score in patients with newly fitted transtibial amputation (P < 0.001). Additionally, a significant improvement in the TUG test time in the EG versus C group after the 4-week intervention (P = 0.04, effect size: 0.53).
Conclusion: The findings of this preliminary study further support that adding exergames to exercises significantly increases movement speed among amputee patients.

Introduction: This study aimed to quantify the differences in individual scapular muscle strength in both the arms along with obtaining force couple ratio of scapula stabilisers in order to gain values in terms of strength of muscles.
Materials and Methods: A quantitative cross sectional study in 30 stroke patients to assess the muscle strength of the serratus anterior, rhomboids, upper, middle and lower trapezius (in both shoulders) using a suspension scale was done. The muscle force couple ratios were calculated.
Result: The results showed significant strength differences between both arms for upper trapezius (p=0.0020), serratus anterior (p=0.018), rhomboids (p=0.001), middle trapezius (p=0.0068) and no difference for lower trapezius (p=0.1746).The mean muscle strength in non affected arm is greater than the affected arm. The middle trapezius strength is lowest in affected arm (0.574kgf) and lower trapezius strength is lowest in non affected arm (0.767kgf). The mean force couple ratio for upper trapezius versus lower trapezius was higher in the affected side (10.08) and non affected side (7.74).The remaining force couples were similar for both the arms.
Conclusion: The study concluded that overall muscle strength of the scapula stabilisers is greater in the non-affected arm than in the affected arm. The strength of the force couple between the upper and lower trapezius is found to be greater in both arms which shows considerable incoordination between the muscles.

Objective: Stroke survivors are more likely to fall at home. A home hazard assessment may be beneficial to reduce the risk of falling, but it is resource and time intensive. This study examined the inter-rater reliability and usability of telehealth for a hazard assessment to address risk of falls.
Methods: Two occupational therapists accessed the telehealth platform from different locations and simultaneously rated participants’ home environment using the Home Falls and Accident Screening Tool (HOME FAST). Stroke survivors and their caregivers answered the Telehealth Usability Questionnaire (TUQ).
Results: Thirty-six stroke survivors and 31 caregivers participated in the study. Gwet’s AC₁ was used for agreement analysis. The overall AC₁ value for the inter-rater reliability was 0.93 (95% CI: 0.66-1.00). There was a moderate correlation between the raters (r=0.57, p=0.000). Bland and Altman graph plot showed a mean difference of -0.61 and 97.2% of the difference score fell within the limits of agreement (95% CI, −5.67 to 4.39). The overall mean score of the TUQ was 5.62 out of 7.
Conclusions: Telehealth technology is a potential medium that provides an opportunity for synchronous practitioner-client interaction in evaluating home hazards. Some challenges were noted during the telehealth sessions, thus requiring a brief protocol to navigate the system.

Introduction: Aging is associated with changes in the neuromusculoskeletal system, which can lead to impairments in balance. This study aimed to compare the effects of aerobic exercise and core stability exercise on the static and dynamic balance of healthy older men.
Methods: In this study, thirty adults aged 60–70 were selected through purposive sampling and randomly divided into three groups: Aerobic exercises, core stability exercises, and a control group. The interventions were carried out separately for the two experimental groups over a period of 6 weeks. Static balance was assessed using the Romberg and Sharpened Romberg balance tests, while dynamic balance was assessed using the Functional Reach Test (FRT) and the Timed Up and Go Test (TUG). Data were analyzed using a One-way MANCOVA test with SPSS software version 26.
Results: The results indicated that the mean scores of post-tests for the balance tests in the two experimental groups improved compared to the pre-test scores and also compared to the post-test scores of the control group. Moreover, both aerobic and core stability exercises had a significant effect on the static and dynamic balance of the elderly (P = 0.001). When examining the effects of exercises on dynamic balance, the findings showed a significant difference in favor of aerobic exercises compared to core stability exercises (P = 0.017). However, no significant difference was observed with regard to static balance (P = 1.00) when comparing the effects of the exercises.
Conclusions: It appears that both aerobic and core stability exercises have a positive impact on the static and dynamic balance of the elderly. Furthermore, for improving dynamic balance in older men, aerobic exercises appear to be more effective than core stability exercises.

Introduction: This study aims to investigate the immediate effects of warm-up exercises, specifically static and dynamic stretches for the lower extremities, on strength, endurance, flexibility, motor control, and core stability function in young, healthy females.
Materials and Methods: Sixty healthy, active women aged 19-30 years were randomly divided into three groups: static stretching (SS), dynamic stretching (DS), and a control group (CG), which received no exercises. Evaluation methods for core stability included strength, endurance, sit-and-reach, Y-balance, and bilateral squat tests. These tests were conducted both before and after the prescribed exercise protocols.
Results: The results revealed that both the SS and DS groups experienced significant increases in all core stability components compared to their baseline values (p<0.05). ANOVA/ANCOVA analysis indicated that immediately after performing the stretching exercises, the SS and DS groups exhibited significantly greater improvements in parameters such as strength, endurance, flexibility, and balance tests (except for the posterior-medial direction) when compared to the CG (p<0.05). Regarding functional parameters after the exercises, there were no statistically significant differences between the study groups (p>0.05). Notably, dynamic exercises demonstrated a higher effectiveness than static exercises for most parameters (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Warm-up exercises involving both static and dynamic stretches for lower limb muscles appear to have an immediate positive impact on core stability parameters. In sports that demand strong trunk muscles and balance, the dynamic protocol may be more effective.

Background: Various balance exercises have been employed to enhance functional stability and balance in individuals who have undergone anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. However, no study has explored the use of dual-task balance exercises for these patients. This study aims to compare the effects of dual motor task balance exercises and single-task exercises on the static balance indices of individuals with ACL reconstruction.
Materials and Methods: In a single-blind randomized controlled trial (IRCT20180925041138N2), 27 subjects who had undergone ACL reconstruction were randomly divided into two groups: dual-task and single-task balance exercises. Both groups performed their exercises three days a week for one month. Static balance indicators were assessed at the beginning and end of the treatment.
Results: The results demonstrated that after the treatment, there was a statistically significant decrease in various Center of Pressure variables, including mean displacement in the anterior-posterior and medial-lateral directions, total path length, mean velocity of displacement, root mean square of displacement, and velocity. Furthermore, the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) significantly increased in both groups (P < 0.05). However, when comparing the two groups, no significant difference was observed after the treatment (P > 0.05).
Conclusions: Both dual-task and single-task motor exercises lead to improvements in static stability and knee function levels in patients who have undergone ACL reconstruction. It is noteworthy that the effectiveness of these exercise types does not significantly differ from each other.

Background: Because hearing loss can lead to linguistic and especially morphosyntactic delay, creating a method for fostering and facilitating morphosyntactic development seems rational. So auditory based (Sayeh Tahbaz Hoseynzadeh) STH-method has been designed. The aim of this article is studying effectiveness of this treatment.
Materials and methods: Two hearing impaired children which used hearing aids, with moderately-severe and severe hearing loss and older than 3 years of age at the time of study, enrolled in STH-method for 24 weeks. Persian Developmental Sentence Scoring (PDSS) was used for analyzing language samples together with some formal and informal assessments which were performed with 12 weeks intervals.
Results: According to PDSS which was used for analyzing spontaneous language samples, score of participant1 changed from 0 to 10.6 and participant2 improved from 5 to 7.4 at final assessment.
Conclusion: The findings showed that STH-method helped to improve morphosyntactic skills of participants.

Objective: There is little evidence regarding a relationship between gait performance and psychological factors in people with chronic neck pain. This study aimed to evaluate gait performance in patients with neck pain, and explore the relationship between gait performance and kinesiophobia, pain catastrophizing, pain intensity, and disability.
Methods: A cross-sectional was conducted on thirty-four patients with chronic neck pain and twenty-nine age and sex-matched controls recruited into this study. Participants performed Timed Up and Go (TUG), and 10-meter walk test (TMW) with and without head turning tests. Associations between clinical gait tests, kinesiophobia (TAMPA scale of kinesiophobia), pain catastrophizing scale (PCS), pain intensity (visual analog scale), and disability (Neck Disability Index) were assessed.
Results: People with neck pain had significant differences in the TUG, and TMW with and without head turning tests compared to controls (P<0.01). Kinesiophobia and pain catastrophism were significantly correlated with TMW tests (r range =0.45 to 0.71, and 0.40 to 0.47 respectively). Pain intensity and disability were not correlated with gait tests.
Conclusion: The gait performance, as represented by TUG and TMWs tests scores, altered in patients with chronic neck pain in comparison controls. Fear of motion and pain catastrophizing thoughts correlated with clinical gait test scores.

Background: Due to the prevalence of cognitive disorders such as bv FTD and the consequences these disorders follow, early diagnosis and awareness of the deficiencies of these people in the cognitive and language areas is essential. Because of the language is dependent on culture, examining the linguistic characteristics of these patients in different languages can provide valuable findings. Therefore, this study aimed to compare noun and verb naming abilities in individuals with bv FTD and non-patients Persian-speaking.
Methods: In this cross-sectional research, 3 cognitive tests including FAB, MOCA and MMSE and 2 noun naming and verb naming tests were performed on 15 patients with bv FTD and 30 homogeneous non-patient individuals.
Results: The bv FTD group had significantly different scores for both noun and verb naming compared to the non-patient group (p<0/05). Also, the bv FTD group was more impaired in naming verbs than nouns, with the largest difference between groups in the verb naming task.
Conclusion: the results showed that bv FTD patients have poorer noun and verb naming abilities than non-patients. Specifically, in verb naming, they showed more deficits than noun. One possible explanation is that the processing of verbs is more complicated than nouns, so involves a more complex neural system and cognitive processes than noun processing. Another possibility is that verbs rely more heavily on frontal and temporal regions of the brain, which are typically affected by bv FTD.

Background and Objective: It is believed that the amount of thoracic kyphosis and its mobility may be affected by gender in older adults. The aim of this study was to investigate gender difference of thoracic kyphosis and thoracic spine mobility in healthy older adults.
Method: In this cross-sectional study, 36 participants among which 21 were female and 15 male with an age range of 65-80 years participated. The amount of thoracic spine kyphosis was measured in a relaxed standing position and in the position of maximum correction of thoracic kyphosis using a flexible ruler between the spinous processes of T12 and C7. The difference between the thoracic kyphosis of the relaxed state and the condition of the maximum correction used to determine the degree of the thoracic spine mobility. Finally, men and women were compared in terms of thoracic kyphosis and thoracic spine mobility. Student t-test to compare kyphosis and spinal mobility between men and women, Paired student t-test to compare kyphosis angle in relaxed posture and maximum kyphosis correction status, and Pearson test to evaluate the relationship between variables were used.
Results: Although there was no statistically significant difference in the mean thoracic kyphosis of relaxation (P=0.13) and maximal correction (P=0.18) status of healthy old men and women, There was a significant positive relationship between the rate of kyphosis angle and the amount of mobility of thoracic kyphosis (P=0.003, r=0.48).
Conclusion: The study's findings revealed that there is no difference in the degree of kyphosis and thoracic spine mobility in older men and women. In addition, people with more thoracic kyphosis had more spinal mobility.

Introduction: Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a common issue in men, often associated with factors like obesity, diabetes, and more. This case series examines the impact of friction massage combined with pelvic floor exercises on ED in three patients, linked to prostatic adenectomy, aging, and diabetes.
Cases description: Patients followed a one-month regimen of pelvic floor exercises and techniques. The technique's progress was monitored via video calls twice a week. Exercises lasted for 10 minutes daily, along with a 10-minute massage. We assessed improvement using the International Index of Erectile Function 15 (IIEF15) questionnaire and EHS (Erection Hardness Score), as well as ultrasound scans. Following treatment, all three patients showed increased EHS and IIEF15 scores. Muscular thickness increased in the ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus muscles, while the cavernosal artery exhibited higher systolic velocity and lower diastolic velocity, although maximum blood flow velocity in the posterior vein decreased. Treatment had the most significant impact on the Adenectomy patient, followed by the elderly patient and then the diabetic patient. Combining friction massage and pelvic floor exercises led to improved erection-related indicators and increased patient satisfaction.