Understanding how spectacle‑lens coating types are distributed across retail channels is essential for anticipating demand and guiding inventory and service planning. In Iran, optical retail operates through distinct socioeconomic and purchasing channels, including high‑income area stores, low‑income area stores, and online shops, each associated with different levels of affordability and product assortment. This editorial summarizes coating‑type selection patterns across these segments and interprets observed time trends and 10‑year logarithmic forecasts to outline plausible market evolution. Data from 4,615 ophthalmic lenses were analyzed, comprising 2,521 lenses from high‑income area stores, 1,674 from low‑income area stores, and 420 from online shops. Anti‑reflex coatings constituted the dominant baseline option in physical retail settings, whereas Blue Cut lenses occupied a broadly accessible mid‑tier position across income groups. In contrast, Blue Control lenses, representing a premium blue‑light‑filtering option, were minimally represented in low‑income retail but accounted for nearly half of online sales, reflecting a strong affordability and channel‑specific gradient. Photochromic lenses formed a smaller but persistent share across all segments. Hard coating (CR‑39 without coating) was observed exclusively in low‑income stores, consistent with budget‑constrained purchasing. Time‑trend analysis and 10‑year forecasts suggest that premium‑feature growth will remain concentrated in affluent retail environments and the online channel, while low‑income stores are likely to continue transitioning away from the lowest‑quality lens options. The pace of this transition is expected to depend on supply‑chain stability, inventory capability, and the availability of affordable mid‑tier alternatives. Overall, coating‑type selection in Iranian optical retail reflects durable socioeconomic segmentation, with implications for demand forecasting, inventory management, and service planning over the coming decade.

Duane Retraction Syndrome (DRS) is a congenital cranial dysinnervation disorder characterized by limitation of horizontal ocular movements, globe retraction, and narrowing of the palpebral fissure on attempted adduction. Although surgical alignment has traditionally been emphasized in the management of DRS, refractive abnormalities and amblyopia represent critical determinants of long‑term visual outcome that are often underrecognized. Large clinical series demonstrate that unilateral involvement predominates, with type I being the most common subtype, and consistent female and left‑eye preponderance. Across studies, refractive errors are frequently encountered, with hyperopia and hyperopic astigmatism most commonly reported, although myopia, astigmatism, and anisometropia are also prevalent. Amblyopia affects approximately one‑fifth of patients overall and occurs more frequently in bilateral disease. Both strabismic and anisometropic mechanisms contribute, reflecting the combined impact of ocular misalignment, suppression, and unequal refractive input during critical periods of visual development. Accurate refractive assessment in DRS poses unique clinical challenges. Abnormal head posture, ocular motility limitation, co‑contraction of horizontal recti, and fixation instability—particularly in children with amblyopia—may compromise the reliability of subjective refraction. Subtle interocular differences in unilateral cases can be amblyogenic and require careful detection. Careful refraction, with meticulous attention to head position and fixation stability, is therefore essential. Early identification and timely optical correction are fundamental to preventing avoidable visual impairment. Refractive management should be regarded as a cornerstone of comprehensive DRS care, complementing surgical and orthoptic strategies to optimize visual development and functional outcomes.

Background: Learning disabilities (LDs) are among the most common developmental and educational challenges faced by school-age children worldwide. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to provide a pooled estimate of the prevalence of all types of learning disabilities in elementary school students in Iran.
Material and Methods: A comprehensive systematic search was performed in the international and national databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Magiran, and SID, from 1990 to March 18, 2025. The quality of articles was evaluated by the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI). All analyses in this study were performed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) software, version 3.0.
Results: A total of 32 studies, comprising 81363 students, were included. The pooled prevalence of LDs among elementary school children in Iran was 5.6% (boys 6.4% and girls 5%). The prevalence of LDs in first-, second-, third-, fourth-, fifth-, and sixth-grade students was 9.5%, 6.9%, 6.2%, 5.2%, 4.5%, and 3.1%, respectively. The pooled prevalence of dyslexia, dyscalculia, and dysgraphia was 5.4%, 4.3%, and 3.4%, respectively.
Conclusions: This systematic review and meta-analysis reveal that at least one in 20 Iranian students has a learning disability, and this rate rises to one in ten in early grades.

Introduction: Hearing and balance are vital body functions that allow us to communicate with our surroundings and effectively participate in everyday activities. These two functions are influenced by a variety of factors, including vitamins. In this article, we will examine the role of vitamins on hearing and balance, and the effects of deficiencies in these nutrients on ear and balance health.
Materials and Methods: This review examined the effects of vitamins on hearing. We identified 71 studies published since 2000 through searches of Medline (PubMed), Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, PubMed, EBSCO, ASHA, Thieme and the ProQuest.
Results: Evidence suggests that vitamins A, B, C, D, and E are associated with auditory and vestibular health. Deficiencies in these vitamins have been linked to hearing loss, tinnitus, dizziness, and impaired inner ear function. In particular, vitamins A and E support hair cell integrity and protect against oxidative stress, while B and C vitamins contribute to neural function. Vitamin D is also important for vestibular health through its role in calcium regulation.
Conclusion: Ensuring adequate intake of these vitamins through diet or supplementation may help prevent hearing and balance disorders and improve quality of life

Introduction: Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) is considered a transitional stage between normal cognitive aging and Alzheimer’s disease. Given the challenges in accurately distinguishing MCI from the healthy elderly (HE), researchers have increasingly turned to event-related potentials (ERPs) to identify early neural changes, particularly in verbal and episodic memory processing.
Methods: This review synthesizes ERP studies from 2000 to 2025 that utilized verbal episodic memory paradigms to differentiate between MCI and HE. The databases PsycINFO and PubMed were searched for peer-reviewed articles. The reporting of this review follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews checklist.
Results: In these studies, core aspects of verbal processing—including semantic congruity and recognition—combined with episodic memory manipulation have consistently reported alterations in ERP components such as the N400, FN400, and Late Positive Component (LPC) in MCI. Reduced or delayed N400 and LPC responses, as well as altered scalp distributions, have been shown to be sensitive to verbal memory deficits in MCI, often preceding behavioral impairments. Moreover, ERP paradigms integrating semantic and episodic memory have shown that the interaction between memory systems further enhances diagnostic precision.
Conclusion: The reviewed literature highlights that verbal ERP paradigms are not only effective in differentiating MCI from HE but also capture subtle neurophysiological changes that might be overlooked by behavioral measures alone. These results underscore the potential of ERPs as non-invasive, cost-effective biomarkers for early cognitive impairment.

Introduction: The type of feeding has different effects, and the effects of breastfeeding on the auditory system, speech and language has also been confirmed. The aim of this study is to provide a comprehensive review of various studies conducted on the effects of different feeding types on the auditory system, speech and language.
Materials and Methods:  A narrative review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, Medline, Web of Science, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and the Cochrane Library to identify English-language studies on the effects of feeding type on auditory, speech, and language development. A total of 57 studies published between 1981 and 2025 were identified and selected based on predefined inclusion criteria, and the findings were synthesized to evaluate developmental outcomes.
Results: Breastfeeding has different effects on various aspects of hearing, speech, language, and cognition in children compared to formula feeding. Breastfeeding, as a protective factor against middle ear. Breastfeeding is associated with better speech and language development, including verbal intelligence, better receptive and expressive language, improved language skills, and the natural development of oral-motor skills necessary for speech production.
Conclusion: As the optimal source of nutrition for infants, breast milk not only meets physical and motor needs but also contributes to optimal functioning of the peripheral and central auditory systems. It plays a significant role in enhancing communication skills, speech and language development, and related abilities.This review is limited by its narrative design and the heterogeneity of existing studies; future research should employ standardized, longitudinal methodologies to clarify causal mechanisms.

Introduction: Vestibular neuritis (VN) causes acute vertigo from sudden unilateral vestibular dysfunction, mainly in adults aged 30–60. Previous reviews have focused on clinical and therapeutic aspects, but the inflammatory and immune mechanisms are less well understood. This review summarizes recent evidence on viral, immune, and vascular pathways in VN.
Method: A narrative review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Forty articles published between 2001 and 2025 were included, focusing on pathophysiology, immune pathways, and therapeutic approaches implications.
Results: VN is primarily caused by HSV-1 reactivation, leading to vestibular nerve inflammation. Other viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2 and Epstein–Barr, are also involved. Immune dysregulation, characterized by alterations in leukocytes and cytokines, drives neuroinflammation. Vascular issues, especially blood-labyrinth barrier disruption, worsen swelling. Corticosteroids reduce inflammation; vestibular rehab aids recovery. Combining treatments improves early outcomes.
Conclusion: VN is a complex disorder caused by viral reactivation, immune inflammation, and vascular issues. Recovery primarily depends on central compensation, rather than peripheral nerve regeneration. Combining anti-inflammatory treatment with early rehab yields the best results. Future research should investigate the molecular connections between viral infection, immune response, and vestibular damage to develop targeted therapies.

Duane retraction syndrome (DRS) is a congenital ocular motility disorder characterized by dysinnervation of the lateral rectus muscle, globe retraction and palpebral fissure narrowing on adduction, and limitation of horizontal eye movements. Many affected children adopt an abnormal head posture (AHP) to maintain binocular single vision and avoid diplopia. When such postures appear early in life and persist through the years of rapid craniofacial growth, they may predispose to facial asymmetry and musculoskeletal imbalance. Surgical correction can improve alignment and reduce AHP in selected cases but is often deferred in very young children or when primary position deviation is small. This short communication summarizes the patterns of AHP in the main clinical types of DRS, reviews key elements of non-surgical management—including amblyopia therapy, optical correction, simple positioning strategies, and the use of the patch test—and highlights the importance of early intervention to prevent permanent craniofacial changes.

Background: Ankle sprains are common in competitive sports, especially football, accounting for about 15–17% of collegiate athletic injuries. Lateral ankle sprains occur frequently due to rapid directional changes, jumping, and intense landings. Plyometric training, involving explosive and dynamic movements, is gaining attention for its role in rehabilitation and injury prevention. The aim of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of plyometric training on balance and foot function among collegiate football players with lateral ankle sprains.
Material and Methods: Collegiate football players with lateral ankle sprain (LAS) completed a four-week plyometric training program consisting of three thirty-minute sessions per week that included Pogo Hops, Lateral Jumps, Forward Jumps and Single Leg Split Squats. The values of Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) and Foot Function Index (FFI) scores pre- and post-intervention were compared with paired-sample t-test with significance set at p < 0.05.
Results: The study showed significant improvements in SEBT scores increased in the right limb (anterior: 80.400 ± 1.265 to 80.800 ± 1.206 cm, p<0.05) and left limb (anterior: 80.400 ± 1.265 to 80.850 ± 1.132 cm, p<0.05), with similar gains in posteromedial and posterolateral directions. FFI scores also improved for both limbs (right: 80.450 ± 1.165 to 80.850 ± 1.132; left: 80.550 ± 1.235 to 81.000 ± 1.179, p<0.05), indicating better balance and foot function.
Conclusions: Plyometric Training would typically emphasize its effectiveness in enhancing balance and foot function in collegiate football players recovering from lateral ankle sprains.

This study introduces a human-machine model utilizing OpenSim. It examines the impact of a passive (unactuated) lower-limb rehabilitation exoskeleton on biomechanics during ambulation. The model assesses how well the joints are aligned, how the muscles are used, and how well the design performs. The exoskeleton is made of T6061 aluminum alloy, which makes it light and easy to move. Each leg has three active joints and two passive joints that work in the sagittal plane. Musculoskeletal and exoskeleton models are simulated together in MATLAB and OpenSim. MATLAB scripts set their dynamic properties. A six-degree-of-freedom bushing models the interaction between the human and the exoskeleton at contact points. Joint angles come from experimental gait measurements. A residual-reduction algorithm reduces dynamic errors while keeping the resulting residual forces and moments within acceptable limits. Muscle activations and forces are estimated using computed muscle control, which follows joint paths. Simulations show that even in passive mode, the exoskeleton increases overall lower-limb muscle activation by more than 50% compared to walking without assistance. Significant increases occur in the rectus femoris, gluteus maximus, semimembranosus, and vastus lateralis. Joint torques also change: swing-leg hip and knee torques decrease by about 50%, support-leg torques increase because of the load, and ankle torque adjusts for compensation. These non-invasive simulations show reduced torque variability and support better design updates. This leads to improved exoskeleton alignment and evaluation before physical prototyping.

Lateral elbow tendinopathy is not merely a localized elbow condition and is often associated with proximal movement impairments such as scapular dyskinesis, which may contribute to persistent pain and functional limitations in racket sport athletes.
Purpose: This study aimed to compare the effects of scapular stabilization exercises and elbow strengthening exercises on pain, disability, and functional performance in racket sport athletes with lateral elbow tendinopathy accompanied by scapular dyskinesis.
Methods: In this semi-experimental study with a pretest–posttest control group design, 49 racket sport athletes aged 18–25 years and diagnosed with lateral elbow tendinopathy and scapular dyskinesis were randomly assigned to elbow strengthening exercises, combined training (elbow strengthening plus scapular stabilization), or a control group. Interventions were conducted over eight weeks, three sessions per week. Outcome measures included pain intensity, upper limb disability, muscle strength, dynamic balance, upper limb power, and functional movement performance.
Results: Both intervention groups showed reductions in pain and disability and improvements in functional performance, with greater and clinically meaningful improvements observed in the combined training group.
Conclusion: Incorporating scapular stabilization exercises into elbow strengthening programs leads to superior clinical and functional outcomes and supports a kinetic chain–based rehabilitation approach for racket sport athletes with lateral elbow tendinopathy.

Introduction: The Islamic prayer has several components that enhance physical and mental health. The study's aim was to evaluate how prayer impacts balance control.
Materials and methods: Thirty healthy elderly men were split into two groups in the study: One group (n= 15) consisted of people who regularly prayed (WP). Another group of people (n=15) who did not pray (WOP) was matched in various factors with the praying group, such as demographics, lifestyle, physical and psychological abilities, cognitive abilities, and heart rate variability (HRV) indices. The balance indexes were recorded by Biodex in simple and dual task conditions. Mann-whitney and Pearson Chi-square test were used for non-parametric variances, while t-test and ANCOVA were used for parametric variances and balance variables. From 9 to 13 o'clock, the tests were conducted.
Results: ANCOVA analysis showed that the amount of overall, Ant-Post, and Med-Lat balance index in simple and dual task conditions were significantly lower in the WP group than in the WOP group (p<0.05). Age was considered a covariate. The other variables that influence balance control, consisted of demographics, lifestyle, psychological and physical health, and cognitive abilities and change of HRV during tests, did not showed any significant differences between the groups.
Discussion: The Islamic prayer is related to improving balance control in elderly men independently of other effective factors. There is the possibility of using it as a physiotherapy intervention for the elderly.

Background: Stroke is a leading cause of adult disability. Spasticity is a neurological condition that occurs secondary to stroke and affecting the patient's quality of life. This study designed to compare the effect of reactive and proactive exercises on spasticity in people with stroke.
Materials and methods: In this single-blind clinical trial study, 30 people with stroke were randomly divided into three groups: control, reactive, and proactive, of which 27 patients completed the study. These people were treated for 12 sessions for 4 weeks (three times a week). The control group received conventional exercises, the reactive group received conventional exercises plus reactive exercises, and the proactive group received conventional exercises plus proactive exercises. The outcomes were clinical outcome of spasticity in baseline and neural properties that respectively evaluated using the Modified Modified Ashworth Scale and H-reflex latency and Hmax/Mmax ratio. All statistical analyzes were performed using SPSS version 20.
Results: In H-reflex latency (F = 0.404, P = 0.672, ηp² = 0.033) and Hmax/Mmax ratio (F = 0.878, P = 0.429, ηp² = 0.071) there were no significant differences between groups.
Conclusions: Intergroup comparisons did not show a significant advantage in favor of the use of proactive and reactive exercises on neural properties of spasticity compared to conventional exercises alone.

Background: Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is a cornerstone of secondary prevention following coronary revascularization; however, its utilization remains suboptimal in underserved regions. This study aimed to evaluate referral, participation, and completion rates of CR and their associated factors in Birjand, Iran.
Material and Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 758 consecutive patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) between April 2022 and May 2023. Data on demographics, insurance status, education level, and physician CR familiarity were collected using a structured checklist and phone follow-up. The CR program was defined as 36 supervised sessions. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to identify factors associated with referral, participation, and completion. All reported odds ratios were derived from fully adjusted models.
Results: Among 749 eligible patients, 197 (26.3%) were referred to CR, 103 (52.3% of referred) participated, and 69 (67.0% of participants) completed the program. Multivariate analysis showed that higher education was the strongest predictor of referral (OR = 9.50, 95% CI: 4.90–18.27, p < 0.001), followed by male gender (OR = 2.12, 95% CI: [1.00-4.49], p = 0.005). Furthermore, Physicians familiar with CR had approximately a 3-fold higher referral rate compared to less-familiar colleagues. Insurance coverage was significantly associated with completion of the program (78% of insured vs. 59% of uninsured completers, p = 0.018).
Conclusion: Referral is the main systemic barrier to cardiac rehabilitation utilization in this underprivileged region. Participation and completion among referred patients reflect a selected group with adequate access, highlighting the need for system‑level interventions focused on physician referral practices—particularly for women and less‑educated patients—and improved insurance coverage to enhance equitable CR access.