Introduction: The evaluation of assessment instruments through activity of daily living (ADL) in heart disease is done for early intervention. The aim of this study is to investigate the proper instrument for assessing ADL in a cardiac patient.
Material and Methods: This study was a narrative review of instruments of screening and assessing ADL in heart disease. A search was conducted using databases including Iran Medex, SID, Mag Iran, Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Scopus. The instruments were investigated regarding the date of publishing, each activity of ADL, number of items, method of administration/format, parameters used for establishing target intervention outcomes, scoring, time duration of each instrument, and psychometric properties.
Results: From 22 instruments, eight instruments met the criteria and were included. These instruments were all in the form of self-report questionnaire or observation. Among the available instruments, the oldest instrument was invented in 1957 (PULSES Profile) and the most recent one was developed in 2009 [performance measure for ADL (PMADL)-8]. In terms of item, minimum and maximum items for implementation of instrument were listed 8 and 170 for PMADL-8 and Klein-Bell index, respectively. The minimum and maximum administration time duration was 4-6 min (Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire) and 60 min (Klein-Bell index).
Conclusion: This study found that some instruments have been used more because of their proficiency subscales in recent years. Furthermore, a comparison of recent and old instruments revealed their evolutionary path. There is a serious lack of proper instrument for ADL evaluation of occupational therapists.

Introduction: Language impairment is a primary characteristic of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, findings of language deficits in these children have been inconclusive, and many researchers believe that in such children the pattern of language profiles is different from normal children. To determine this pattern, comprehension and expression of syntax were examined in 10 Persian speaking children at ages 6-9. Children with autism were compared to normal groups on the basis of their age and language.
Material and Methods: In this study, research data were collected of 10 children with autism and 20 normal cases (10 age-matched and 10 language-matched). Gilliam Autism Rating Scale- 2 and the Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire were used for diagnosis of children with autism, and test of language development was used to determine their language scores. Afterward, reception of syntactic structures was assessed using the Persian syntax comprehension test, and expression of it was also evaluated using a Persian photographic grammar expression test. Finally, the data were analyzed by Kolmogorov–Smirnov, Mann–Whitney, and Wilcoxon tests.
Results: Comparing the total scores shows that in normal groups, there was a significant difference between receptive and expressive of syntax both in terms of the number of correct tasks and number of correct structures. However, in the study group, such a difference was only seen in the number of correct tasks. Comparison of reception and expression of different structures in all groups showed that there was a significant difference between receptive and expressive tasks of subject relative clause in children with autism and language-matched group. However, in age-matched group, such a difference was not noticed. As to the grammatical relations such as aspect, tense and superlative adjectives, there were no significant differences between receptive and expressive tasks of any groups. Finally, there was a significant difference in terms of using of independent pronouns just in group of children with autism.
Conclusion: Overall, it can be concluded that comparing total scores of difference between reception and expression does not suffice for making a hypothesis that in ASD comprehension of all structures is more difficult than their expression because their performance in different structures of syntax is variant.

Introduction: Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers among women. One complication after mastectomy following breast cancer is ipsilateral upper extremity lymphedema. This study aims to compare the effect of complex decongestive physical (CDP) therapy with a combination of intermittent pneumatic compression pump and CDP therapy on secondary upper extremity lymphedema volume and quality of life in patients after mastectomy following breast cancer.
Material and Methods: A total of 20 women with secondary upper extremity lymphedema after mastectomy following breast cancer were selected according to criteria. After the initial assessment, the patients were randomly divided into two groups. One group was treated with CDP therapy techniques, and another group was treated with intermittent compression pump in addition to CDP therapy techniques. These techniques were included manual lymphatic drainage, bandaging, therapeutic exercise, skin care, and intermittent compression pump. Patients were treated for 2 weeks and 5 days/week. Lymphedema volume and quality of life were evaluated before and after treatment. The quality of life was assessed by cancer-specific questionnaire (QLQ-C30) and breast cancer-specific quality of life questionnaire (QLQ-Br23), and lymphedema volume was measured by volumeter.
Results: The mean of lymphedema volume was significantly decreased after treatment as compared with before treatment in both groups (P < 0.050). The scores of all items of quality of life except of cognitive and sexual items of both questionnaires were significantly increased after treatment as compared with before treatment in both groups (P < 0.050). There was no significant difference in lymphedema volume and quality of life scores between two groups (P > 0.050).
Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the combination of CDP therapy and intermittent compression pump are useful for improving the affected limb lymphedema volume and quality of life.

Introduction: development. It is a lifelong condition, with symptom that appears in early childhood. These people have problem in social skills, communicating with others and expressing their feelings. These people specially have difficulties with the surrounding world and recognizing objects. One of the most effective methods in educating the autistic children is “Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS)” thus helping to enhance the child’s communication abilities and understanding of the function of communication. Autism therapies implementation in a digital environment like computer and mobile games is very influential, and it acts as a bridge between children and the world around them. Then, the “PECS ” method is implemented using an augmented reality mobile game. Augmented reality has added virtual objects into the real environment.
Material and Methods: A quasi-experimental study was conducted on children between the ages of 6 and 11 years at three different intensities of developing autism spectrum disorder poor, medium and strong, respectively. Three different tests were considered and how to answer these questions based on Likert scale were collected, and data analysis was performed using Wilcoxon test.
Results: Tests’ results show (significant = 0.007) that is < 0.05 and represent that there is difference between the performance of children before and after applying the method for learning to play.
Conclusion: One of the best platforms for mobile phone implements training methods and treatment. Using augmented reality is very effective technology on an understanding of educational and treatment methods.

Introduction: Knee joint has the highest percentage of injuries among lower extremity joints especially in athletes and people with high activity levels. Therefore, analyzing of knee movements has an important area of research in the bioengineering and rehabilitation fields. Sharif human movement instrumentation system (SHARIF-HMIS) is a new inertial sensor designed for movement analysis. The purpose of this study was to determine the reliability of knee kinematic parameters using SHARIF-HMIS.
Material and Methods: A total of 25 healthy male subjects (aged 18-28 years) participated in this study. SHARIF-HMIS sensors were fixed with straps on dominant leg of the participants. Thereafter, they performed double leg drop jump landing from a box with a height of 30 cm. Linear acceleration and angular velocity were analyzed in initial contact phase. The test was performed 3 times at an interval of 1 hour. To assess the intra-rater reliability, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and standard error of measurement (SEM) were calculated.
Results: ICC in X, Y and Z planes was 0.99, 0.80 and 0.97 for linear acceleration and 0.50, 0.79 and 0.74 for angular velocity, respectively. Furthermore, the SEM in X, Y and Z planes were 0.03, 0.19 and 0.14 for linear acceleration and 0.007, 0.009 and 0.01 for angular velocity, respectively.
Conclusion: This study showed good test-retest reliability of knee kinematic parameters during double leg drop jump landing. Hence, the use of SHARIF-HMIS as a new and portable device is suggested for assessing knee joint movements.

Introduction: Age-related decreases in cognitive functions such as executive functions are a common phenomenon. Cognitive rehabilitation with two main approaches, compensation and remediation, is used to help elderlies coping with these deficits. Despite reported benefits, there are doubts on the efficacy of each of these approaches. We tried to provide effective computerized cognitive tasks as a rehabilitation intervention for elderlies to help them regain their lost executive functions.
Material and Methods: A 10-session cognitive training, in which 16 participants trained to regain their executive function shortcomings, was held using attentive rehabilitation of attention and memory (ARAM). Data from all 32 participants, assigned randomly to trained and control groups, were analyzed by paired and independent t-tests to examine each group’s improvement over time and to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention. Wisconsin card sorting test, continuous performance test, and Stroop color-word test were used as assessment tools.
Results: Results showed that general executive functioning that requires strategic planning and the ability to use environmental feedback to shift cognitive improved effectively using the intervention (P < 0.010). In overall, findings showed that ARAM is an effective tool for cognitive rehabilitation in elderlies. It overcomes limitations of most strategy learning programs.
Conclusion: Although improvements were observed in executive functions such as attentional control, sustained attention, inhibitory control, and cognitive shifting in elderlies, further study needs to investigate the ARAM’s transfer and long-term effects.

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to compare the memory and mental development between dyslexia and normal children in Khoy city.
Material and Methods: This is causal-comparative study. The population of this research included all normal and dyslexic female students who were third- or fifth-graders (aged 9-12
years) from primary schools in Khoy city, Iran, in the academic year 2013-2014. The sample consisted of 100 students into the two groups as dyslexic and normal groups that 50 students were selected for each group and then were examined. Sampling of dyslexic students was non-random available sampling from the center of learning disorders and for normal group was multi-stages cluster random sampling. The measurement tools were Wechsler Memory Scale and mental development scale of Piaget. The data were analyzed using analysis of variance.
Results: The results indicated that in mental development scores; there was a significant difference between dyslexia and normal students (P < 0.001), as well as in working memory scores, there was a significant difference between dyslexia and normal students (P < 0.001).
Conclusion: Dyslexia students have lower capacity in terms of memory and mental development than normal students that poor capacity of working memory and mental holding may contribute problems in reading specially dyslexia in elementary students.

Introduction: The use of multiple cameras for motion analysis and single joint motion is very difficult and needs high technology in laboratory conditions. Detection of single joint motion in kinesthesia and analysis of its changes can be done by one camera at one direction. In this study, we present the validity and reliability of a new prototype simulator system used for motion analysis application.
Material and Methods: A moveable lever arm can rotate in three dimensions (3D) and can be controlled by three goniometers separately. A special software was written for the detection of four reflective markers that fixed to moveable liver arm, by one camera in front of it. Two approaches for this study were (a) selective and (b) random 3D simulation. Three repetitions for each variation and each dimension were selected and correlation was computed between simulator and images captured by camera.
Results: There are high correlations between simulator and one camera system for each condition. In addition, a minimum degree error appeared.
Conclusion: Results indicated that this new approach can be useful for all clinical and research approaches in biomechanical or occupational areas.