Introduction: The main characteristics of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are the emergence of stability patterns of attention deficit, hyperactivity and impulsivity. These disorders affect the balance performance of the patients. The disorder has a relatively high prevalence in school-aged children. The purpose of this review study is to investigate the balance and postural abilities of children with ADHD.
Materials and Methods: The objectives of this study were investigated by searching in the Web of Science, Medline, PubMed and OTseeker databases. The articles with these criteria were included in this study: published articles in English and Persian accredited journals; study participants were school-aged children with ADHD; Articles with the aim of assessing the participants’ balance skills, the rate of sway of the center of gravity and motor disorders in children with ADHD. The articles were published between 2002 to March 2018. Finally, 18 eligible articles were met the inclusion criteria and reviewed.
Results: The 18 articles were entered to the study. The results of most of the articles show disturbances in the balance and Sway of ADHD's children's center of gravity. Balance and motor disorder in children with ADHD has a very high prevalence.
Conclusion: The simultaneity of this disorder with DCD and the presence of some defects in the performance of cerebellar in these children are evident and confirms the presence of balance and motor control disorders in children with ADHD. The reason for the defects in the performance of some brain parts is not clear yet.

Introduction: Semantic system plays a key role in all areas of language including understanding and expression of language. Based on a traditional view, the left hemisphere is dominant for processing of various linguistic information, including semantic information. It is believed that lesions in the left hemisphere impair the semantic component of language. In this study, we aim to study different types of semantic impairment in patients with aphasia; so that with early diagnosis of these sematic impairment we can identify patients who need treatment.
Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional, descriptive-analytic study. A total of 39 subjects, comprising 13 patients with left cerebral ischemic stroke in the temporoparietal region and 26 healthy subjects, were evaluated using pyramids and palm trees test, concrete and abstract word synonym test, and Bilingual Aphasia Test (BAT).
Results: In concrete and abstract word synonym test, patients with left hemisphere damage had lower performance than the normal group. Only in the verbal version of the pyramids and palm trees test, patients with left hemisphere damage obtained significantly lower scores than the normal participants. In the BAT test, patients with left hemisphere had a heterogeneous performance.
Conclusion: Based on these findings, although a large part of semantic processing is performed by the dominant hemisphere of the brain, the right hemisphere has a complementary role in semantic processing.

Introduction: The representation of the character reference in different statuses in the narrative is a multifaceted and complicated discourse task. Since Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is interrelated with social and communication deficits; particularly, children with ASD face more challenges with this task. The present study aimed to examine the introduction, reintroduction, and maintenance of the characters reference by using different linguistic devices in the narratives produced by Persian-speaking children with High-Functioning Autism (HFA).
Materials and Methods: The narratives were elicited based on the picture story book “Frog, where are you?” Two groups of Persian-speaking children, aged 7, 9 and 11 years old, including high-functioning ASD (mean age: 9;5 y; mon) and a control group of Typically Developing (TD) ones (mean age: 9;1 y; mon), each group consisted of 24 subjects participated in this study. Then, the obtained data were analyzed by the Independent sample T Test and Nonparametric Mann-Whitney Test.
Results: The results demonstrated the children with ASD represented referential expressions significantly different from their peer group with regard to using some linguistic devices, in the reference introduction, reintroduction and maintenance (P<0.05). In particular, the use of noun phrases was dominant for introducing the narrative characters in the two groups under study. However, complete ellipsis was significantly used more by ASD subjects for introducing “the boy” character. In addition, TD children used noun phrases, independent pronouns, dependent pronouns and complete ellipsis for the reintroduction of the referents in their narratives more than autistic children. Finally, for the maintenance of “the boy” reference, whereas autistic children used more noun phrases, TD children frequently used complete ellipsis and inflection of verbs.
Conclusion: The choice of appropriate referential expressions for introduction, reintroduction and maintenance of the reference requires cognitive and linguistic skills, in which children with ASD showed deficits. Among these, reference reintroduction revealed the most challenging function for the children with ASD rather than TD children.

Introduction: Physiotherapy requires close and prolonged contact of physical therapist with patient during several sessions. For this reason, many associations in other countries have formulated code of ethics for physiotherapy which referred to the most important responsibilities in this field. Despite formulation of ethical codes in many countries, these codes have not yet been outlined in Iran. Therefore, this research has been conducted to identify the physiotherapy ethical imperfections and challenges and in Iran.
Materials and Methods: This study was a qualitative research in which methods of interview with authorities and focused group discussions were used. Participants in this study were 15 persons, who were purposefully selected from four professional groups including physicians, physical therapists, specialists on medical ethics and directors of physiotherapy centers.
Results: After data saturation, texts of interviews were typed verbatim. These texts were repeatedly studied by the interviewer and their results were 187 raw and rudimentary sentences. Extracted data were analyzed, reviewed and revised by the authorities on the subject and eventually the data were arranged in 4 domains of patient, physician, physical therapist, and treatment center.
Conclusion: Findings of this research indicate the ethical challenges present in our country in the field of physiotherapy in four domains. To promote professional ethics in physiotherapy, all four parties should be aware of their rights and duties and follow ethical principles and regulations.

Introduction: The prevalence of Anterior Knee Pain (ANP) has been reported between 15% and 45% in Europe. Muscle weakness is a predisposing factor for ANP. The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the effect of McKenzie and common exercises on quadriceps and hamstring muscles strengthening and consequently relieving anterior knee pain.
Materials and Methods: A total of 22 patients with ANP (Mean [SD] age: 29.191 [1.658]y) were randomly assigned into control and experiment groups. Each group consisted of 11 subjects. The treatment program included hot pack and acupuncture like TENS modalities for 10 sessions. From the third session, the exercise was added to each group’s treatment program separately. The control group exercises consisted of strengthening exercises of the knee, thigh and trunk muscles. In the experiment group, the subjects were initially classified according to mechanical diagnostic tests of McKenzie. This classification is based on patient’s response to repetitive movements or constant positions at their end range of motion. The exercise was prescribed according to directional preference which was specific for each case. The strength of quadriceps and hamstring muscles were assessed in three stages with hand held dynamometer. The repeated measure ANOVA test was used to compare variables between two groups. The ANOVA and the Tukey post hoc test were used for intra-group comparisons. All statistical analyses were performed in SPSS V. 21.
Results: The strength of quadriceps muscle in both groups showed a significant improvement (P<0.001) after the third evaluation. There was no significant difference between the two groups in this regard. There was no significant difference between two groups in hamstring strength among all stages.
Conclusion: In patients with ANP, McKenzie exercises like common exercises can improve the strength of quadriceps muscle.

Introduction: Non-motor symptoms of Parkinson disease have significant effects on the quality of life in this group of patients. Among these symptoms, dizziness is associated with the changes in Orthostatic Hypotension (OH). About 30% of people over 65 years have dizziness; However, the exact mechanism of dizziness in these patients was not clear. Dizziness has symptoms such as fainting, light headache, vertigo and imbalance. The present study is based on the given fact that one of the reasons for dizziness in Parkinson patients is the disturbance of balance systems. In addition, the vestibular system is one of the main elements involved in normal balance. As, the role of vestibular system in Parkinson disease has been suggested in previous studies. The main aim of current study is to investigate the effects of vestibular exercises on the dizziness of Parkinson patients.
Materials and Methods: Twenty-four patients participated in this study based on the inclusion criteria and were randomly assigned into intervention and control groups. Dizziness Handicap Inventory-Persian (DHI-P) was used for dizziness measurement. In addition, Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Functional Reach (FR) and 2 Minutes Walking Test (2MWT) were used for measuring the postural control before and after interventions. The intervention group performed the vestibular exercises and the control group performed the conventional exercises (3 days a week for 60 minutes and a total of 24 sessions).
Results: The total score of DHI-P showed a significant improvement in the intervention group compared to the control group (P<0.001). Also, the BBS tests (P<0.001), FR (P<0.001), 2MWT (P=0.001) showed a significant improvement in the intervention group.
Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, it could be suggested that vestibular exercises, as none sophisticated, feasible, and low cost rehabilitation–protocol has beneficial effects for patients with Parkinson disease. This protocol does not need any particular equipment and can be used in all environments while it can reduce dizziness and improve motor skills and postural control in this group of patients.

Introduction: INECO Frontal Screening (IFS) is a brief sensitive screening tool able to detect executive dysfunctions. IFS-P is the Persian version of IFS. This study aimed to investigate and analyze the correlation between IFS-P test with cognitive and executive function tests. We seek to investigate whether these tests can replace each other.
Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, IFS-P was administered to 50 healthy people along with other executive assessments such as phonological verbal fluency (letters A, S and F), semantic verbal fluency (animals, fruits and verbs), and a global cognitive efficiency test (Mini-Mental State Examination [MMSE]). The Spearman coefficient test was used to investigate the correlation between IFS-P and other executive and general cognitive tests.
Results: The obtained results show no significant correlations between the IFS-P and the other cognitive instruments such as MMSE test. However, IFS-P correlates with verbal fluency tasks (semantic and phonological) in healthy people. Specifically, the correlation between IFS-P total score and other tests are as follows: for MMSE, r=0.20 (P=0.10); for/F/phonological verbal fluency, r=0.36(P=0.00); for/S/phonological verbal fluency, r=0.44 (P=0.00); for/A/phonological verbal fluency, r=0.35 (P=0.00); for fruits semantic verbal fluency, r=0.30, (P=0.00); for animals semantic verbal fluency, r=0.38 (P=0.00); and for verbs semantic verbal fluency, r=0.56, (P=0.00).
Conclusion: IFS-P is a brief, sensitive, and specific tool for the detection of executive dysfunction associated with neurodegenerative diseases. IFS-P correlates with the verbal fluency and does not correlate with the MMSE and cannot be replaced by them. Based on the results, we suggest that all three tests be used together.

Introduction: Olfactory dysfunction is one of the main symptoms of Chronic Rhinosinusitis (CRS) caused by bacteria in the form of biofilm. Therapeutic Pulsed Ultrasound (TPU), besides its anti-inflammatory effects has the ability to disintegrate the strong walls of biofilms (community of bacteria), thus help relieve the symptoms of CRS, one of the major symptoms of which is olfactory dysfunction.
Case Description: A 42-year-old man with CRS whose olfactory sense had gradually declined over two years, underwent TPU for ten sessions (three days a week) on his maxillary and frontal sinuses. Findings of CT scan and the Sino-Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT-20) questionnaire were employed to assess the severity of the symptoms. Moreover, the Iran Smell Identification Test (Iran-SIT) was used to measure the degree of olfactory dysfunction. Smell dysfunction and the severity of symptom in CRS relatively improved according to SNOT-20 and ISIT scales by 80% and 41%, respectively. It appears that TPU can improve the olfactory dysfunction and other symptoms caused by CRS.