Investigating the Effects of High-Arch and Flat Foot Deformities on Postural Control: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
,
Abstract
Introduction: High-arch and flat foot deformities can negatively impact an individual’s performance in different situations. They may also balance as well as disturb postural control, which is essential for performing optimal routine and port activities, in addition to preventing injuries. This is a comparative meta-analysis of postural control in people with high-arch and flat foot deformities with normal feet.
Materials and Methods: This is a systematic review of articles published from 2004 to 2021 in Medline/PubMed, Embase/Scopus, LILACS, CINAHL, CENTRAL (cochrane central register of controlled trials), Web of Science, PEDro, and Google Scholar databases.
Results: The results revealed that the total balance score in people with high-arch and flat foot deformities was lower (P=0.001), compared to normal people. However, no significant difference was observed in the total balance of people with high-arch and flat foot deformities (P>0.05). Additionally, flat-foot people showed a weaker balance in the postural control test on a force plate, when compared to individuals with high-arch feet (P=0.001). Nevertheless, the results of dynamic balance were the same for all groups (P>0.05).
Conclusion: Our findings indicate that people with high-arch and flat foot deformities suffer from weaker postural control when compared to their normal peers. Moreover, flat-foot people showed lower scores on postural control tests on force plates, compared to subjects with high-arch feet, even though they had no significant differences for static and dynamic tests. There was no difference in the results of dynamic balance among the 3 groups.
1. Tasoojian E, Dizaji E, Memar R, Alizade F. The comparison of plantar pressure and ground reaction force in male and female elite karate practitioners. Journal of Paramedical Sciences & Rehabilitation. 2016;5(3):42-54.
2. Tsung BYS, Zhang M, Fan YB, Boone DA. Quantitative comparison of plantar foot shapes under different weight-bearing conditions. 2003.
3. Tong JW, Kong PW. Association between foot type and lower extremity injuries: systematic literature review with meta-analysis. journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy. 2013;43(10):700-14.
4. Dadgar H, Sahebozamani M. Evaluation of sole arech index and non-contact lower-extremity injury rates in male karateka. Journal of Research in Rehabilitation Sciences. 2011;7(1).
5. Sánchez C, Alegre LM. Acute Changes in Foot Morphology and Plantar Pressures During Barefoot Running. 2020.
6. Ladha N, Jain H. Effect of Pronated and Supinated Foot Postures on Static and Dynamic Balance in Dancers. Website: www ijpot com. 2021;15(1):100.
7. Graham ME. Extra-Osseous Talotarsal Joint Stabilization (EOTTS) in the Treatment of Hyperpronation Syndromes. Update in Management of Foot and Ankle Disorders. 2018:41.
8. Viseux F, Lemaire A, Barbier F, Charpentier P, Leteneur S, Villeneuve P. How can the stimulation of plantar cutaneous receptors improve postural control? Review and clinical commentary. Neurophysiologie Clinique. 2019;49(3):263-8.
9. Fu GQ, Wah YC, Sura S, Jagadeesan S, Chinnavan E, Judson JPE. Influence of rearfoot alignment on static and dynamic postural stability. International Journal of Therapy And Rehabilitation. 2018;25(12):628-35.
10. Koura GM, Elimy DA, Hamada HA, Fawaz HE, Elgendy MH, Saab IM. Impact of foot pronation on postural stability: An observational study. Journal of back and musculoskeletal rehabilitation. 2017;30(6):1327-32.
11. Shahram I, Maryam A-A, Seyed Reza H, Shima S, Hossein M, Setareh M. The Effect of Head and Neck Stabilization Exercises on Dynamic Balance in the Elderly With Forward Head Posture. Journal of Modern Rehabilitation. 2021 12/29;16(1).
12. Jafarnezhadger A. Comparison of Plantar Pressure Variables during Walking in Male and Female. Anesthesiology and Pain. 2019;10(3):81-90.
13. Hadad A, Ganz N, Intrator N, Maimon N, Molcho L, Hausdorff JM. Postural control in karate practitioners: Does practice make perfect? Gait & posture. 2020;77:218-24.
14. Sedaghati P, Hosseini AH, Zarei H. Effect of Exercise Programs on Fear of Falling in Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. Caspian Journal of Neurological Sciences. 2021;7(4):227-35.
15. Herzog R, Álvarez-Pasquin MJ, Díaz C, Del Barrio JL, Estrada JM, Gil Á. Are healthcare workers’ intentions to vaccinate related to their knowledge, beliefs and attitudes? A systematic review. BMC public health. 2013;13(1):1-17.
16. Newcastle O. Newcastle-Ottawa: Scale customized for cross-sectional studies In. 2018.
17. Hartling L, Hamm M, Milne A, Vandermeer B, Santaguida PL, Ansari M, et al. Validity and inter-rater reliability testing of quality assessment instruments. 2012.
18. Instruments QA. Validity and Inter-rater Reliability Testing of Quality Assessment Instruments. 2012.
19. Hartling L, Milne A, Hamm MP, Vandermeer B, Ansari M, Tsertsvadze A, et al. Testing the Newcastle Ottawa Scale showed low reliability between individual reviewers. Journal of clinical epidemiology. 2013;66(9):982-93.
20. Hertel J, Gay MR, Denegar CR. Differences in postural control during single-leg stance among healthy individuals with different foot types. Journal of athletic training. 2002;37(2):129.
21. Cobb SC, Tis LL, Johnson BF, Higbie EJ. The effect of forefoot varus on postural stability. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 2004;34(2):79-85.
22. Tsai L-C, Yu B, Mercer VS, Gross MT. Comparison of different structural foot types for measures of standing postural control. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 2006;36(12):942-53.
23. Khodavisi H, et al. The effect of structural abnormalities of flat feet on dynamic balance in adolescent girls. . Journal of Sports Science Research. 2009;6(2):99-112. .
24. Ghasemi V, Rajabi R, Alizadeh M, Dashti Rostami K. The comparison of dynamic balance in males with different foot types. Journal of Exercise Science and Medicine. 2011;3(1):5-20.
25. Ali MMI, Mohamed MSE. Dynamic postural balance in subjects with and without flat foot. Bulletin of Faculty of Physical Therapy. 2011;16(1).
26. Dabholkar A, Shah A, Yardi S. Comparison of dynamic balance between flat feet and normal individuals using star excursion balance test. Indian Journal of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy. 2012;6(3):33-7.
27. Takata Y, Matsuoka S, Okumura N, Iwamoto K, Takahashi M, Uchiyama E. Standing balance on the ground—the influence of flatfeet and insoles. Journal of physical therapy science. 2013;25(12):1519-21.
28. Bazvand M, Mosavi SK, Mi'mar R, Sadeghi H. Dynamic Postural Comparison during Gait Analysis in Men with Pes Cavus and Pes Planus. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 2014;24(116):161-71.
29. Tahmasebi R, Karimi MT, Satvati B, Fatoye F. Evaluation of standing stability in individuals with flatfeet. Foot & ankle specialist. 2015;8(3):168-74.
30. Kim J-a, Lim O-b, Yi C-h. Difference in static and dynamic stability between flexible flatfeet and neutral feet. Gait & posture. 2015;41(2):546-50.
31. ghaderiyan m, Ghasemi GA. Comparison the rate of movement foot center of pressure on boy students 10-13 years old with normal, planus and cavus foot types. Journal for Research in Sport Rehabilitation. 2016;4(7):43-53.
32. Faqihi H, & Nazari, Habiba. . The effect of different degrees of flat feet on static and dynamic balance of adolescent boys. Journal of Applied Sports Physiology, . (2016). ;12( (23), ):153-60.
33. Panahi M, Babakhani F, Seidi F. Comparison of static and dynamic balance of physically active college women with different foot arch heights. Journal of Research in Rehabilitation Sciences. 2016;12(2):88-96.
34. Kazemi Pordanjani F, Seidi F. The Relationship between Y Test Results and Pressure Distribution System In Estimating Dynamic Balance of Those with Different Foot Arch Heights. Journal of Exercise Science and Medicine. 2018;10(1):19-34.
35. Ashkezari MHK, Seidi F, Alizadeh MH. Effect of the Medial Longitudinal Arch Height of the Foot on Static and Dynamic Balance of Male Collegiate Athletes. 2014.
36. Hajirezayi P, Ghasemi G, Arghavani H, Sadeghi-Demneh E. Comparison of Postural Control Factors, Static and Dynamic Balance in Students with Different Foot Arches. Journal of Paramedical Sciences & Rehabilitation. 2019;8(2):69-76.
37. Ghasemi G, Arghavani H, Hajirezayi P, Esfahan I. Effect of Functional Fatigue Protocol on Postural Control and Balance in People with Different Foot Arches. Scientific Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 2018;7(3):113-24.
38. Kolasangiani A, Mantashloo Z, Salehi S, Moradi M. Examination of postural control of body and the onset time of electrical activity of selected ankle muscles during single-leg landing in subjects with pronated and normal foot. Journal of Modern Rehabilitation. 2019;13(2):79-86.
39. Huang T-H, Chou L-W, Huang C-Y, Wei S-W, Tsai Y-J, Chen Y-J. H-reflex in abductor hallucis and postural performance between flexible flatfoot and normal foot. Physical Therapy in Sport. 2019;37:27-33.
40. Woźniacka R, Oleksy Ł, Jankowicz-Szymańska A, Mika A, Kielnar R, Stolarczyk A. The association between high-arched feet, plantar pressure distribution and body posture in young women. Scientific reports. 2019;9(1):1-9.
41. Fattahi A, Koreili Z, Ameli M. Instantaneous Effect of Insole on the Balance of Adolescents With Flat Foot and Pes Cavus. Journal of Sport Biomechanics. 2020;6(1):44-53.
42. Mária T, Gergely N, Rita KM. Does pes planus influence standing balance in elementary school-age children? Biomechanica Hungarica. 2020;12(1).
43. Koshino Y, Samukawa M, Chida S, Okada S, Tanaka H, Watanabe K, et al. Postural Stability and Muscle Activation Onset during Double-to Single-Leg Stance Transition in Flat-Footed Individuals. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine. 2020;19(4):662.
44. De Cock A, Vanrenterghem J, Willems T, Witvrouw E, De Clercq D. The trajectory of the centre of pressure during barefoot running as a potential measure for foot function. Gait & posture. 2008;27(4):669-75.
45. Cote KP, Brunet ME, II BMG, Shultz SJ. Effects of pronated and supinated foot postures on static and dynamic postural stability. Journal of athletic training. 2005;40(1):41.
46. Le Mouel C, Brette R. Mobility as the purpose of postural control. Frontiers in computational neuroscience. 2017;11:67.
47. Hayes KC. Biomechanics of postural control. Exercise and sport sciences reviews. 1982;10(1):363.
48. Moon D, Jung J, editors. Effect of Incorporating Short-Foot Exercises in the Balance Rehabilitation of Flat Foot: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Healthcare; 2021: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute.
2. Tsung BYS, Zhang M, Fan YB, Boone DA. Quantitative comparison of plantar foot shapes under different weight-bearing conditions. 2003.
3. Tong JW, Kong PW. Association between foot type and lower extremity injuries: systematic literature review with meta-analysis. journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy. 2013;43(10):700-14.
4. Dadgar H, Sahebozamani M. Evaluation of sole arech index and non-contact lower-extremity injury rates in male karateka. Journal of Research in Rehabilitation Sciences. 2011;7(1).
5. Sánchez C, Alegre LM. Acute Changes in Foot Morphology and Plantar Pressures During Barefoot Running. 2020.
6. Ladha N, Jain H. Effect of Pronated and Supinated Foot Postures on Static and Dynamic Balance in Dancers. Website: www ijpot com. 2021;15(1):100.
7. Graham ME. Extra-Osseous Talotarsal Joint Stabilization (EOTTS) in the Treatment of Hyperpronation Syndromes. Update in Management of Foot and Ankle Disorders. 2018:41.
8. Viseux F, Lemaire A, Barbier F, Charpentier P, Leteneur S, Villeneuve P. How can the stimulation of plantar cutaneous receptors improve postural control? Review and clinical commentary. Neurophysiologie Clinique. 2019;49(3):263-8.
9. Fu GQ, Wah YC, Sura S, Jagadeesan S, Chinnavan E, Judson JPE. Influence of rearfoot alignment on static and dynamic postural stability. International Journal of Therapy And Rehabilitation. 2018;25(12):628-35.
10. Koura GM, Elimy DA, Hamada HA, Fawaz HE, Elgendy MH, Saab IM. Impact of foot pronation on postural stability: An observational study. Journal of back and musculoskeletal rehabilitation. 2017;30(6):1327-32.
11. Shahram I, Maryam A-A, Seyed Reza H, Shima S, Hossein M, Setareh M. The Effect of Head and Neck Stabilization Exercises on Dynamic Balance in the Elderly With Forward Head Posture. Journal of Modern Rehabilitation. 2021 12/29;16(1).
12. Jafarnezhadger A. Comparison of Plantar Pressure Variables during Walking in Male and Female. Anesthesiology and Pain. 2019;10(3):81-90.
13. Hadad A, Ganz N, Intrator N, Maimon N, Molcho L, Hausdorff JM. Postural control in karate practitioners: Does practice make perfect? Gait & posture. 2020;77:218-24.
14. Sedaghati P, Hosseini AH, Zarei H. Effect of Exercise Programs on Fear of Falling in Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. Caspian Journal of Neurological Sciences. 2021;7(4):227-35.
15. Herzog R, Álvarez-Pasquin MJ, Díaz C, Del Barrio JL, Estrada JM, Gil Á. Are healthcare workers’ intentions to vaccinate related to their knowledge, beliefs and attitudes? A systematic review. BMC public health. 2013;13(1):1-17.
16. Newcastle O. Newcastle-Ottawa: Scale customized for cross-sectional studies In. 2018.
17. Hartling L, Hamm M, Milne A, Vandermeer B, Santaguida PL, Ansari M, et al. Validity and inter-rater reliability testing of quality assessment instruments. 2012.
18. Instruments QA. Validity and Inter-rater Reliability Testing of Quality Assessment Instruments. 2012.
19. Hartling L, Milne A, Hamm MP, Vandermeer B, Ansari M, Tsertsvadze A, et al. Testing the Newcastle Ottawa Scale showed low reliability between individual reviewers. Journal of clinical epidemiology. 2013;66(9):982-93.
20. Hertel J, Gay MR, Denegar CR. Differences in postural control during single-leg stance among healthy individuals with different foot types. Journal of athletic training. 2002;37(2):129.
21. Cobb SC, Tis LL, Johnson BF, Higbie EJ. The effect of forefoot varus on postural stability. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 2004;34(2):79-85.
22. Tsai L-C, Yu B, Mercer VS, Gross MT. Comparison of different structural foot types for measures of standing postural control. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 2006;36(12):942-53.
23. Khodavisi H, et al. The effect of structural abnormalities of flat feet on dynamic balance in adolescent girls. . Journal of Sports Science Research. 2009;6(2):99-112. .
24. Ghasemi V, Rajabi R, Alizadeh M, Dashti Rostami K. The comparison of dynamic balance in males with different foot types. Journal of Exercise Science and Medicine. 2011;3(1):5-20.
25. Ali MMI, Mohamed MSE. Dynamic postural balance in subjects with and without flat foot. Bulletin of Faculty of Physical Therapy. 2011;16(1).
26. Dabholkar A, Shah A, Yardi S. Comparison of dynamic balance between flat feet and normal individuals using star excursion balance test. Indian Journal of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy. 2012;6(3):33-7.
27. Takata Y, Matsuoka S, Okumura N, Iwamoto K, Takahashi M, Uchiyama E. Standing balance on the ground—the influence of flatfeet and insoles. Journal of physical therapy science. 2013;25(12):1519-21.
28. Bazvand M, Mosavi SK, Mi'mar R, Sadeghi H. Dynamic Postural Comparison during Gait Analysis in Men with Pes Cavus and Pes Planus. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 2014;24(116):161-71.
29. Tahmasebi R, Karimi MT, Satvati B, Fatoye F. Evaluation of standing stability in individuals with flatfeet. Foot & ankle specialist. 2015;8(3):168-74.
30. Kim J-a, Lim O-b, Yi C-h. Difference in static and dynamic stability between flexible flatfeet and neutral feet. Gait & posture. 2015;41(2):546-50.
31. ghaderiyan m, Ghasemi GA. Comparison the rate of movement foot center of pressure on boy students 10-13 years old with normal, planus and cavus foot types. Journal for Research in Sport Rehabilitation. 2016;4(7):43-53.
32. Faqihi H, & Nazari, Habiba. . The effect of different degrees of flat feet on static and dynamic balance of adolescent boys. Journal of Applied Sports Physiology, . (2016). ;12( (23), ):153-60.
33. Panahi M, Babakhani F, Seidi F. Comparison of static and dynamic balance of physically active college women with different foot arch heights. Journal of Research in Rehabilitation Sciences. 2016;12(2):88-96.
34. Kazemi Pordanjani F, Seidi F. The Relationship between Y Test Results and Pressure Distribution System In Estimating Dynamic Balance of Those with Different Foot Arch Heights. Journal of Exercise Science and Medicine. 2018;10(1):19-34.
35. Ashkezari MHK, Seidi F, Alizadeh MH. Effect of the Medial Longitudinal Arch Height of the Foot on Static and Dynamic Balance of Male Collegiate Athletes. 2014.
36. Hajirezayi P, Ghasemi G, Arghavani H, Sadeghi-Demneh E. Comparison of Postural Control Factors, Static and Dynamic Balance in Students with Different Foot Arches. Journal of Paramedical Sciences & Rehabilitation. 2019;8(2):69-76.
37. Ghasemi G, Arghavani H, Hajirezayi P, Esfahan I. Effect of Functional Fatigue Protocol on Postural Control and Balance in People with Different Foot Arches. Scientific Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 2018;7(3):113-24.
38. Kolasangiani A, Mantashloo Z, Salehi S, Moradi M. Examination of postural control of body and the onset time of electrical activity of selected ankle muscles during single-leg landing in subjects with pronated and normal foot. Journal of Modern Rehabilitation. 2019;13(2):79-86.
39. Huang T-H, Chou L-W, Huang C-Y, Wei S-W, Tsai Y-J, Chen Y-J. H-reflex in abductor hallucis and postural performance between flexible flatfoot and normal foot. Physical Therapy in Sport. 2019;37:27-33.
40. Woźniacka R, Oleksy Ł, Jankowicz-Szymańska A, Mika A, Kielnar R, Stolarczyk A. The association between high-arched feet, plantar pressure distribution and body posture in young women. Scientific reports. 2019;9(1):1-9.
41. Fattahi A, Koreili Z, Ameli M. Instantaneous Effect of Insole on the Balance of Adolescents With Flat Foot and Pes Cavus. Journal of Sport Biomechanics. 2020;6(1):44-53.
42. Mária T, Gergely N, Rita KM. Does pes planus influence standing balance in elementary school-age children? Biomechanica Hungarica. 2020;12(1).
43. Koshino Y, Samukawa M, Chida S, Okada S, Tanaka H, Watanabe K, et al. Postural Stability and Muscle Activation Onset during Double-to Single-Leg Stance Transition in Flat-Footed Individuals. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine. 2020;19(4):662.
44. De Cock A, Vanrenterghem J, Willems T, Witvrouw E, De Clercq D. The trajectory of the centre of pressure during barefoot running as a potential measure for foot function. Gait & posture. 2008;27(4):669-75.
45. Cote KP, Brunet ME, II BMG, Shultz SJ. Effects of pronated and supinated foot postures on static and dynamic postural stability. Journal of athletic training. 2005;40(1):41.
46. Le Mouel C, Brette R. Mobility as the purpose of postural control. Frontiers in computational neuroscience. 2017;11:67.
47. Hayes KC. Biomechanics of postural control. Exercise and sport sciences reviews. 1982;10(1):363.
48. Moon D, Jung J, editors. Effect of Incorporating Short-Foot Exercises in the Balance Rehabilitation of Flat Foot: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Healthcare; 2021: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 17 No 4 (2023) | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jmr.v17i4.13884 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Flat feet High-arched foot Postural control Postural balance | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Sedaghati P, Kazemi Pakdel F, Zarei H. Investigating the Effects of High-Arch and Flat Foot Deformities on Postural Control: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. jmr. 2023;17(4):363-374.
