Comparing Executive Functions in Bilinguals and Monolinguals Suffering From Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosi
-
Majid Soltani
,
Seyedeh Fatemeh Emami Dehcheshmeh
,
Negin Moradi
,
Alireza Hajiyakhchali
,
Nastaran Majdinasab
,
Seyed Mahmood Latifi
,
Masoume Hosseini beidokhti
Abstract
Introduction: Executive functions generally refer to cognitive functions involved in the control and regulation of goal-directed behavior also the formation of mental representations. Several factors such as age, task complexity, and bilingualism affect executive functions. There are opposing effects for the role of bilingualism on executive functions. This study aimed to compare executive functions of bilingual patients with Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (RRMS) with their monolingual counterparts.
Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 13 bilingual patients with RRMS are compared with 13 monolingual peers. The research instrument included progressive matrices raven test, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and clinical tests of executive functions (continuous performance test, Wechsler memory test and verbal fluency test). The Mann-Whitney test was used as statistical analysis.
Results: The results indicated statistically significant differences between two groups with regard to correct response, error of omission, and commission error. However, there was no difference in the digit span test. Monolinguals in Persian language, however, performed better than bilinguals in all verbal fluency tasks.
Conclusion: Bilingualism promotes cognitive ability and executive functions in nonverbal tasks. Ironically, it seems that the only recorded negative impact of bilingualism are on verbal knowledge and skill.
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Ebrahimipour M, Hatefi H. [Speech therapy in Multiple Sclerosis (Persian)]. Tehran: Setayesh-e Hasti; 2009.
Drew M, Tippett LJ, Starkey NJ, Isler RB. Executive dysfunction and cognitive impairment in a large community-based sample with Multiple Sclerosis from New Zealand: A descriptive study. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology. 2008; 23(1):1-19. [DOI:10.1016/j.acn.2007.09.005] [PMID]
Winkelmann A, Engel C, Apel A, Zettl UK. Cognitive impairment in Multiple Sclerosis. Journal of Neurology. 2007; 254(2):II35-II42. [DOI:10.1007/s00415-007-2010-9]
Alvarez JA, Emory E. Executive function and the frontal lobes: A meta-analytic review. Neuropsychology Review. 2006; 16(1):17-42. [DOI:10.1007/s11065-006-9002-x] [PMID]
McCloskey G, Perkins LA, Van Diviner B. Assessment and intervention for executive function difficulties. New York: Taylor & Francis; 2008. [DOI:10.4324/9780203893753]
Anderson P. Assessment and development of Executive Function (EF) during childhood. Child Neuropsychology. 2002; 8(2):71-82. [DOI:10.1076/chin.8.2.71.8724] [PMID]
Blakemore SJ, Choudhury S. Development of the adolescent brain: Implications for executive function and social cognition. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2006; 47(3-4):296-312. [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01611.x] [PMID]
Morgan AB, Lilienfeld SO. A meta-analytic review of the relation between antisocial behavior and neuropsychological measures of executive function. Clinical Psychology Review. 2000; 20(1):113-36. [DOI:10.1016/S0272-7358(98)00096-8]
Bialystok E, Poarch G, Luo L, Craik FI. Effects of bilingualism and aging on executive function and working memory. Psychology and Aging. 2014; 29(3):696-705. [DOI:10.1037/a0037254] [PMID] [PMCID]
Bialystok E, Craik FI. Cognitive and linguistic processing in the bilingual mind. Current Directions in Psychological Science. 2010; 19(1):19-23. [DOI:10.1177/0963721409358571]
Bialystok E, Craik FI, Green DW, Gollan TH. Bilingual minds. Psychological Science in the Public Interest. 2009; 10(3):89-129. [DOI:10.1177/1529100610387084] [PMID]
Festman J, Rodriguez-Fornells A, Münte TF. Individual differences in control of language interference in late bilinguals are mainly related to general executive abilities. Behavioral and Brain Functions. 2010; 6:5. [DOI:10.1186/1744-9081-6-5] [PMID] [PMCID]
Bialystok E, Viswanathan M. Components of executive control with advantages for bilingual children in two cultures. Cognition. 2009; 112(3):494-500. [DOI:10.1016/j.cognition.2009.06.014] [PMID] [PMCID]
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Bialystok E, Craik F, Luk G. Cognitive control and lexical access in younger and older bilinguals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 2008; 34(4):859-73. [DOI:10.1037/0278-7393.34.4.859] [PMID]
Costa A, Hernández M, Sebastián-Gallés N. Bilingualism aids conflictresolution: Evidence from the ANT task. Cognition. 2008; 106(1):59-86. [DOI:10.1016/j.cognition.2006.12.013] [PMID]
Bialystok E, Craik FI, Klein R, Viswanathan M. Bilingualism, aging, and cognitive control: Evidence from the Simon task. Psychology and Aging. 2004; 19(2):290-303. [DOI:10.1037/0882-7974.19.2.290] [PMID]
Penn C, Frankel T, Watermeyer J, Russell N. Executive function and conversational strategies in bilingual aphasia. Aphasiology. 2010; 24(2):288-308. [DOI:10.1080/02687030902958399]
Ebrahimzadeh K, Elahi T, Rezaei M. [Working memory of bilingual and monolingual children (Persian)]. Modern Psychological Research. 2012; 7(28):8-29.
Senn TE, Espy KA, Kaufmann PM. Using path analysis to understand executive function organization in preschool children. Developmental Neuropsychology. 2004; 26(1):445-64. [DOI:10.1207/s15326942dn2601_5] [PMID]
Stuss DT. Frontal lobes and attention: Processesand networks, fractionation and integration. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society. 2006; 12(2):261-71. [DOI:10.1017/S1355617706060358] [PMID]
Jurado MB, Rosselli M. The elusive nature of executive functions: A review of our current understanding. Neuropsychology Review. 2007; 17(3):213-33. [DOI:10.1007/s11065-007-9040-z] [PMID]
Mousavi Z, Mehri A, Yousefi N, Maroufizadeh S. [The study of verbal fluency in monolingual and bilingual adults (Persian)]. Scientific Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 2015; 4(2):53-61.
Ansari NN, Naghdi S, Hasson S, Valizadeh L, Jalaie S. Validation of a Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) for the Persian population: A pilot study. Applied Neuropsychology. 2010; 17(3):190-5. [DOI:10.1080/09084282.2010.499773] [PMID]
Mirdoraghi F, Ghanbari Hashemabadi B, Mashdadi A. [The executive functioned deficits in patient with PTSD caused by war (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of War and Public Health. 2012; 17(9):27-35.
Hadiyanfard H, Najariyan B, Shokrkon H, Mehrabizadeh Honarmand M. [Designing and constructing the Persian version of continuous performance test (Persian)]. Journal of Psychology. 2000; 4(4):388-404.
Nazifi M, Rasoolzadeh Tabatabaie K, Azadfallah P, Moradi A. [Sustained attention and response inhibition in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder compared to normal children (Persian)]. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2011; 3(2):55-65.
Ebrahimipour M. [Verbal fluency test (Persian)]. Tehran: Farhang; 2013.
Foy JG, Mann VA. Bilingual children show advantages in nonverbal auditory executive function task. International Journal of Bilingualism. 2014; 18(6):717-29. [DOI:10.1177/1367006912472263]
Namazi M, Thordardottir E. A working memory, not bilingual advantage, in controlled attention. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism. 2010; 13(5):597-616. [DOI:10.1080/13670050.2010.488288]
Sandoval TC, Gollan TH, Ferreira VS, Salmon DP. What causes the bilingual disadvantage in verbal fluency? The dual-task analogy. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition. 2010; 13(2):231-52. [DOI:10.1017/S1366728909990514]
Gollan TH, Montoya RI, Werner GA. Semantic and letter fluency in Spanish-English bilinguals. Neuropsychology. 2002; 16(4):562-76. [DOI:10.1037/0894-4105.16.4.562] [PMID]
Rosselli M, Ardila A, Araujo K, Weekes VA, Caracciolo V, Padilla M, et al. Verbal fluency and repetition skills in healthy older Spanish-English bilinguals. Applied Neuropsychology. 2000; 7(1):17-24. [DOI:10.1207/S15324826AN0701_3] [PMID]
Henry JD, Beatty WW. Verbal fluency deficits in Multiple Sclerosis. Neuropsychologia. 2006; 44(7):1166-74. [DOI:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.10.006] [PMID]
Bjorkman KD. Variability of Syntactic Complexity in Persons With and Without Multiple Sclerosis [MSc. thesis]. Provo: Brigham Young Universit; 2010.
Ebrahimipour M, Hatefi H. [Speech therapy in Multiple Sclerosis (Persian)]. Tehran: Setayesh-e Hasti; 2009.
Drew M, Tippett LJ, Starkey NJ, Isler RB. Executive dysfunction and cognitive impairment in a large community-based sample with Multiple Sclerosis from New Zealand: A descriptive study. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology. 2008; 23(1):1-19. [DOI:10.1016/j.acn.2007.09.005] [PMID]
Winkelmann A, Engel C, Apel A, Zettl UK. Cognitive impairment in Multiple Sclerosis. Journal of Neurology. 2007; 254(2):II35-II42. [DOI:10.1007/s00415-007-2010-9]
Alvarez JA, Emory E. Executive function and the frontal lobes: A meta-analytic review. Neuropsychology Review. 2006; 16(1):17-42. [DOI:10.1007/s11065-006-9002-x] [PMID]
McCloskey G, Perkins LA, Van Diviner B. Assessment and intervention for executive function difficulties. New York: Taylor & Francis; 2008. [DOI:10.4324/9780203893753]
Anderson P. Assessment and development of Executive Function (EF) during childhood. Child Neuropsychology. 2002; 8(2):71-82. [DOI:10.1076/chin.8.2.71.8724] [PMID]
Blakemore SJ, Choudhury S. Development of the adolescent brain: Implications for executive function and social cognition. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2006; 47(3-4):296-312. [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01611.x] [PMID]
Morgan AB, Lilienfeld SO. A meta-analytic review of the relation between antisocial behavior and neuropsychological measures of executive function. Clinical Psychology Review. 2000; 20(1):113-36. [DOI:10.1016/S0272-7358(98)00096-8]
Bialystok E, Poarch G, Luo L, Craik FI. Effects of bilingualism and aging on executive function and working memory. Psychology and Aging. 2014; 29(3):696-705. [DOI:10.1037/a0037254] [PMID] [PMCID]
Bialystok E, Craik FI. Cognitive and linguistic processing in the bilingual mind. Current Directions in Psychological Science. 2010; 19(1):19-23. [DOI:10.1177/0963721409358571]
Bialystok E, Craik FI, Green DW, Gollan TH. Bilingual minds. Psychological Science in the Public Interest. 2009; 10(3):89-129. [DOI:10.1177/1529100610387084] [PMID]
Festman J, Rodriguez-Fornells A, Münte TF. Individual differences in control of language interference in late bilinguals are mainly related to general executive abilities. Behavioral and Brain Functions. 2010; 6:5. [DOI:10.1186/1744-9081-6-5] [PMID] [PMCID]
Bialystok E, Viswanathan M. Components of executive control with advantages for bilingual children in two cultures. Cognition. 2009; 112(3):494-500. [DOI:10.1016/j.cognition.2009.06.014] [PMID] [PMCID]
Carlson SM, Meltzoff AN. Bilingual experience and executive functioning in young children. Developmental Science. 2008; 11(2):282-98. [DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2008.00675.x] [PMID] [PMCID]
Bialystok E, Craik F, Luk G. Cognitive control and lexical access in younger and older bilinguals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 2008; 34(4):859-73. [DOI:10.1037/0278-7393.34.4.859] [PMID]
Costa A, Hernández M, Sebastián-Gallés N. Bilingualism aids conflictresolution: Evidence from the ANT task. Cognition. 2008; 106(1):59-86. [DOI:10.1016/j.cognition.2006.12.013] [PMID]
Bialystok E, Craik FI, Klein R, Viswanathan M. Bilingualism, aging, and cognitive control: Evidence from the Simon task. Psychology and Aging. 2004; 19(2):290-303. [DOI:10.1037/0882-7974.19.2.290] [PMID]
Penn C, Frankel T, Watermeyer J, Russell N. Executive function and conversational strategies in bilingual aphasia. Aphasiology. 2010; 24(2):288-308. [DOI:10.1080/02687030902958399]
Ebrahimzadeh K, Elahi T, Rezaei M. [Working memory of bilingual and monolingual children (Persian)]. Modern Psychological Research. 2012; 7(28):8-29.
Senn TE, Espy KA, Kaufmann PM. Using path analysis to understand executive function organization in preschool children. Developmental Neuropsychology. 2004; 26(1):445-64. [DOI:10.1207/s15326942dn2601_5] [PMID]
Stuss DT. Frontal lobes and attention: Processesand networks, fractionation and integration. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society. 2006; 12(2):261-71. [DOI:10.1017/S1355617706060358] [PMID]
Jurado MB, Rosselli M. The elusive nature of executive functions: A review of our current understanding. Neuropsychology Review. 2007; 17(3):213-33. [DOI:10.1007/s11065-007-9040-z] [PMID]
Mousavi Z, Mehri A, Yousefi N, Maroufizadeh S. [The study of verbal fluency in monolingual and bilingual adults (Persian)]. Scientific Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 2015; 4(2):53-61.
Ansari NN, Naghdi S, Hasson S, Valizadeh L, Jalaie S. Validation of a Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) for the Persian population: A pilot study. Applied Neuropsychology. 2010; 17(3):190-5. [DOI:10.1080/09084282.2010.499773] [PMID]
Mirdoraghi F, Ghanbari Hashemabadi B, Mashdadi A. [The executive functioned deficits in patient with PTSD caused by war (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of War and Public Health. 2012; 17(9):27-35.
Hadiyanfard H, Najariyan B, Shokrkon H, Mehrabizadeh Honarmand M. [Designing and constructing the Persian version of continuous performance test (Persian)]. Journal of Psychology. 2000; 4(4):388-404.
Nazifi M, Rasoolzadeh Tabatabaie K, Azadfallah P, Moradi A. [Sustained attention and response inhibition in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder compared to normal children (Persian)]. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2011; 3(2):55-65.
Ebrahimipour M. [Verbal fluency test (Persian)]. Tehran: Farhang; 2013.
Foy JG, Mann VA. Bilingual children show advantages in nonverbal auditory executive function task. International Journal of Bilingualism. 2014; 18(6):717-29. [DOI:10.1177/1367006912472263]
Namazi M, Thordardottir E. A working memory, not bilingual advantage, in controlled attention. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism. 2010; 13(5):597-616. [DOI:10.1080/13670050.2010.488288]
Sandoval TC, Gollan TH, Ferreira VS, Salmon DP. What causes the bilingual disadvantage in verbal fluency? The dual-task analogy. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition. 2010; 13(2):231-52. [DOI:10.1017/S1366728909990514]
Gollan TH, Montoya RI, Werner GA. Semantic and letter fluency in Spanish-English bilinguals. Neuropsychology. 2002; 16(4):562-76. [DOI:10.1037/0894-4105.16.4.562] [PMID]
Rosselli M, Ardila A, Araujo K, Weekes VA, Caracciolo V, Padilla M, et al. Verbal fluency and repetition skills in healthy older Spanish-English bilinguals. Applied Neuropsychology. 2000; 7(1):17-24. [DOI:10.1207/S15324826AN0701_3] [PMID]
Henry JD, Beatty WW. Verbal fluency deficits in Multiple Sclerosis. Neuropsychologia. 2006; 44(7):1166-74. [DOI:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.10.006] [PMID]
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 12 No 2 (2018) | |
| Section | Research Article(s) | |
| Keywords | ||
| Executive function Multiple Sclerosis Bilingualism | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Soltani M, Emami Dehcheshmeh SF, Moradi N, Hajiyakhchali A, Majdinasab N, Latifi SM, Hosseini beidokhti M. Comparing Executive Functions in Bilinguals and Monolinguals Suffering From Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosi. jmr. 2019;12(2):133-139.
