Musculoskeletal Asymmetry and History of Pain in Healthy Adults: Variation in Both Genders in Twin Cities of Pakistan
-
Syed Ali Hussain
,
Arslan Rafiq
,
Aman Ullah Nazir
,
Rabia Afzal
,
Samina Ali
,
Mubin Mustafa Mustafa Kiyani
,
Noman Malik
Abstract
Introduction: Musculoskeletal asymmetries are common and have important consequences for the individual and society. This study aims to determine musculoskeletal asymmetry in healthy adults.
Materials and Methods: A total of 400 healthy individuals with no musculoskeletal pain at the time of data collection were included in the study. Two custom-made wooden devices were used to assess the asymmetry in the participants by measuring their height from the base of the device up to different levels of the body. The modified Nordic pain scale was used to take the history of any regional pain in the last 6 months.
Results: The mean age of male and female subjects was 21.69±2.19 and 23.49±1.72 years, respectively. The dominant side of the body in the majority of both genders was the right side. The most commonly reported painful site was low back with 47(23.5) males and 43(21.5) females affected, followed by neck pain in 40(20) males and 45(22.5) females. Out of 400 participants, only 31(15.5) males and 12(6) females had symmetrical shoulders and 41(20.5) males and 17(8.5) females had symmetry at the level of iliac crests.
Conclusion: Musculoskeletal asymmetries are present in healthy adults at various levels of the body with a history of musculoskeletal pain relatively more prevalent in females compared to males.
1. Dave HD, Shook M, Varacallo M. Anatomy, skeletal muscle. StatPearls [Internet]. 2020.
2. Zakeri Y, Baraz S, Gheibizadeh M, Bijan Nejad D, Latifi SM. Prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in primary school students in Abadan-Iran in 2014. International Journal of Pediatrics. 2016;4(1):1215-23.
3. Alsheikhly AS, Alsheikhly MS. Musculoskeletal injuries: types and management protocols for emergency care. Essentials of Accident and Emergency Medicine: IntechOpen; 2018.
4. Fitzmaurice C, Abate D, Abbasi N, Abbastabar H, Abd-Allah F, Abdel-Rahman O, et al. Global, regional, and national cancer incidence, mortality, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life-years for 29 cancer groups, 1990 to 2017: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study. JAMA oncology. 2019;5(12):1749-68.
5. Briggs AM, Woolf AD, Dreinhöfer K, Homb N, Hoy DG, Kopansky-Giles D, et al. Reducing the global burden of musculoskeletal conditions. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2018;96(5):366.
6. Prathivadi Bhayankaram N, Lacey R, Barnett L, Jordan K, Dunn K. Musculoskeletal consultations from childhood to adulthood: a longitudinal study. Journal of Public Health. 2020;42(4):e428-e34.
7. El-Tallawy SN, Nalamasu R, Salem GI, LeQuang JAK, Pergolizzi JV, Christo PJ. Management of musculoskeletal pain: an update with emphasis on chronic musculoskeletal pain. Pain and therapy. 2021;10(1):181-209.
8. Casser H, Schaible H. Musculoskeletal pain. Schmerz (Berlin, Germany). 2015;29(5):486-8, 90.
9. Ingram M, Symmons DP. The burden of musculoskeletal conditions. Medicine. 2018;46(3):152-5.
10. Woldendorp KH, Boonstra AM, Tijsma A, Arendzen JH, Reneman MF. No association between posture and musculoskeletal complaints in a professional bassist sample. European Journal of Pain. 2016;20(3):399-407.
11. Shaikh S, Siddiqui AA, Alshammary F, Amin J, Agwan MAS. Musculoskeletal Disorders Among Healthcare Workers: Prevalence and Risk Factors in the Arab World. Handbook of Healthcare in the Arab World; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany. 2021:1-39.
12. Singla D, Veqar Z. Methods of postural assessment used for sports persons. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research: JCDR. 2014;8(4):LE01.
13. Giustino V. BIOMECHANICS AND NEUROSCIENCE IN SPORTS: FOCUS ON THE EFFECTS OF PRISMATIC ADAPTATION ON POSTURE AND SPORTS SKILLS ACCURACY. 2022.
14. Holmes C, Brock K, Morgan P. Postural asymmetry in non-ambulant adults with cerebral palsy: a scoping review. Disability and Rehabilitation. 2019;41(9):1079-88.
15. Krishan K, Kanchan T, DiMaggio JA. A study of limb asymmetry and its effect on estimation of stature in forensic case work. Forensic science international. 2010;200(1-3):181. e1-. e5.
16. Basahel AM. Investigation of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) in warehouse workers in Saudi Arabia. Procedia Manufacturing. 2015;3:4643-9.
17. Macfarlane GJ. The epidemiology of chronic pain. Pain. 2016;157(10):2158-9.
18. Nahin RL, Barnes PM, Stussman BJ. Expenditures on complementary health approaches: United States, 2012. 2016.
19. Alleblas CC, De Man AM, Van Den Haak L, Vierhout ME, Jansen FW, Nieboer TE. Prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among surgeons performing minimally invasive surgery: a systematic review. Annals of surgery. 2017;266(6):905-20.
20. Dianat I, Alipour A, Jafarabadi MA. Multigroup latent class model of musculoskeletal pain combinations in children/adolescents: identifying high-risk groups by gender and age. The journal of headache and pain. 2018;19(1):1-8.
21. Kinge JM, Knudsen AK, Skirbekk V, Vollset SE. Musculoskeletal disorders in Norway: prevalence of chronicity and use of primary and specialist health care services. BMC musculoskeletal disorders. 2015;16(1):1-9.
22. Pereira DS, Castro SS, Bertoncello D, Damião R, Walsh IA. Relationship of musculoskeletal pain with physical and functional variables and with postural changes in school children from 6 to 12 years of age. Brazilian journal of physical therapy. 2013;17:392-400.
23. Das B. An evaluation of low back pain among female brick field workers of West Bengal, India. Environmental health and preventive medicine. 2015;20(5):360-8.
24. Batistão MV, Moreira RdFC, Coury HJCG, Salasar LEB, Sato TdO. Prevalence of postural deviations and associated factors in children and adolescents: a cross-sectional study. Fisioterapia em Movimento. 2016;29:777-86.
25. Matsuki K, Matsuki KO, Mu S, Yamaguchi S, Ochiai N, Sasho T, et al. In vivo 3-dimensional analysis of scapular kinematics: comparison of dominant and nondominant shoulders. Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery. 2011;20(4):659-65.
26. Grabara M. Comparison of posture among adolescent male volleyball players and non-athletes. Biology of sport. 2015;32(1):79.
27. Rodby‐Bousquet E, Czuba T, Hägglund G, Westbom L. Postural asymmetries in young adults with cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology. 2013;55(11):1009-15.
28. Zolghadr M, Kahrizi S, Soltanian A. Lateral Abdominal Muscles Asymmetry in Female Patients With Chronic Non Specific Unilateral Low Back Pain Practicing Hollowing Exercises. Journal of Modern Rehabilitation. 2017;11(2):133-9.
29. Yue B, Varadarajan KM, Ai S, Tang T, Rubash HE, Li G. Gender differences in the knees of Chinese population. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 2011;19(1):80-8.
30. Moudy S, Menegaz R. Musculoskeletal Asymmetry in Individuals with Lower Limb Amputation. 2020.
2. Zakeri Y, Baraz S, Gheibizadeh M, Bijan Nejad D, Latifi SM. Prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in primary school students in Abadan-Iran in 2014. International Journal of Pediatrics. 2016;4(1):1215-23.
3. Alsheikhly AS, Alsheikhly MS. Musculoskeletal injuries: types and management protocols for emergency care. Essentials of Accident and Emergency Medicine: IntechOpen; 2018.
4. Fitzmaurice C, Abate D, Abbasi N, Abbastabar H, Abd-Allah F, Abdel-Rahman O, et al. Global, regional, and national cancer incidence, mortality, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life-years for 29 cancer groups, 1990 to 2017: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study. JAMA oncology. 2019;5(12):1749-68.
5. Briggs AM, Woolf AD, Dreinhöfer K, Homb N, Hoy DG, Kopansky-Giles D, et al. Reducing the global burden of musculoskeletal conditions. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2018;96(5):366.
6. Prathivadi Bhayankaram N, Lacey R, Barnett L, Jordan K, Dunn K. Musculoskeletal consultations from childhood to adulthood: a longitudinal study. Journal of Public Health. 2020;42(4):e428-e34.
7. El-Tallawy SN, Nalamasu R, Salem GI, LeQuang JAK, Pergolizzi JV, Christo PJ. Management of musculoskeletal pain: an update with emphasis on chronic musculoskeletal pain. Pain and therapy. 2021;10(1):181-209.
8. Casser H, Schaible H. Musculoskeletal pain. Schmerz (Berlin, Germany). 2015;29(5):486-8, 90.
9. Ingram M, Symmons DP. The burden of musculoskeletal conditions. Medicine. 2018;46(3):152-5.
10. Woldendorp KH, Boonstra AM, Tijsma A, Arendzen JH, Reneman MF. No association between posture and musculoskeletal complaints in a professional bassist sample. European Journal of Pain. 2016;20(3):399-407.
11. Shaikh S, Siddiqui AA, Alshammary F, Amin J, Agwan MAS. Musculoskeletal Disorders Among Healthcare Workers: Prevalence and Risk Factors in the Arab World. Handbook of Healthcare in the Arab World; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany. 2021:1-39.
12. Singla D, Veqar Z. Methods of postural assessment used for sports persons. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research: JCDR. 2014;8(4):LE01.
13. Giustino V. BIOMECHANICS AND NEUROSCIENCE IN SPORTS: FOCUS ON THE EFFECTS OF PRISMATIC ADAPTATION ON POSTURE AND SPORTS SKILLS ACCURACY. 2022.
14. Holmes C, Brock K, Morgan P. Postural asymmetry in non-ambulant adults with cerebral palsy: a scoping review. Disability and Rehabilitation. 2019;41(9):1079-88.
15. Krishan K, Kanchan T, DiMaggio JA. A study of limb asymmetry and its effect on estimation of stature in forensic case work. Forensic science international. 2010;200(1-3):181. e1-. e5.
16. Basahel AM. Investigation of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) in warehouse workers in Saudi Arabia. Procedia Manufacturing. 2015;3:4643-9.
17. Macfarlane GJ. The epidemiology of chronic pain. Pain. 2016;157(10):2158-9.
18. Nahin RL, Barnes PM, Stussman BJ. Expenditures on complementary health approaches: United States, 2012. 2016.
19. Alleblas CC, De Man AM, Van Den Haak L, Vierhout ME, Jansen FW, Nieboer TE. Prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among surgeons performing minimally invasive surgery: a systematic review. Annals of surgery. 2017;266(6):905-20.
20. Dianat I, Alipour A, Jafarabadi MA. Multigroup latent class model of musculoskeletal pain combinations in children/adolescents: identifying high-risk groups by gender and age. The journal of headache and pain. 2018;19(1):1-8.
21. Kinge JM, Knudsen AK, Skirbekk V, Vollset SE. Musculoskeletal disorders in Norway: prevalence of chronicity and use of primary and specialist health care services. BMC musculoskeletal disorders. 2015;16(1):1-9.
22. Pereira DS, Castro SS, Bertoncello D, Damião R, Walsh IA. Relationship of musculoskeletal pain with physical and functional variables and with postural changes in school children from 6 to 12 years of age. Brazilian journal of physical therapy. 2013;17:392-400.
23. Das B. An evaluation of low back pain among female brick field workers of West Bengal, India. Environmental health and preventive medicine. 2015;20(5):360-8.
24. Batistão MV, Moreira RdFC, Coury HJCG, Salasar LEB, Sato TdO. Prevalence of postural deviations and associated factors in children and adolescents: a cross-sectional study. Fisioterapia em Movimento. 2016;29:777-86.
25. Matsuki K, Matsuki KO, Mu S, Yamaguchi S, Ochiai N, Sasho T, et al. In vivo 3-dimensional analysis of scapular kinematics: comparison of dominant and nondominant shoulders. Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery. 2011;20(4):659-65.
26. Grabara M. Comparison of posture among adolescent male volleyball players and non-athletes. Biology of sport. 2015;32(1):79.
27. Rodby‐Bousquet E, Czuba T, Hägglund G, Westbom L. Postural asymmetries in young adults with cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology. 2013;55(11):1009-15.
28. Zolghadr M, Kahrizi S, Soltanian A. Lateral Abdominal Muscles Asymmetry in Female Patients With Chronic Non Specific Unilateral Low Back Pain Practicing Hollowing Exercises. Journal of Modern Rehabilitation. 2017;11(2):133-9.
29. Yue B, Varadarajan KM, Ai S, Tang T, Rubash HE, Li G. Gender differences in the knees of Chinese population. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 2011;19(1):80-8.
30. Moudy S, Menegaz R. Musculoskeletal Asymmetry in Individuals with Lower Limb Amputation. 2020.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 17 No 4 (2023) | |
| Section | Research Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jmr.v17i4.13895 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Asymmetry Healthy adults Iliac crest level Musculoskeletal pain Shoulder asymmetry | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Hussain SA, Rafiq A, Ullah Nazir A, Afzal R, Ali S, Kiyani MM, Malik N. Musculoskeletal Asymmetry and History of Pain in Healthy Adults: Variation in Both Genders in Twin Cities of Pakistan. jmr. 2023;17(4):461-467.
