Spinal Pain Prevalence and Characteristics among Male Athletes with Disabilities
-
Ataollah Shahbandi
,
Farzin Farahbakhsh
,
Pardis Noormohammadpour
,
Navid Moghadam
,
Mohsen Rostami
,
Bahar Hassanmirzaei
,
Ramin Kordi
Abstract
Introduction: Chronic pain is a serious secondary problem for many individuals with disabilities.
Materials and Methods: A total of 231 disabled athletes invited to compete in a multi-sport national sports tournament for para-athletes in Ahvaz, Iran, participated in the study to be investigated whether spinal pain (SP) prevalence and characteristics are different among different sports and disabilities. Athletes’ demographic information, SP prevalence, characteristics, and disability using the athlete disability index questionnaire were obtained. SP prevalence, characteristics, and factors affecting SP intensity and disability caused by low back pain (LBP) were determined as primary outcome measures before data collection.
Results: The mean (95% confidence intervals) disability percentage and LBP intensity score were 22.2% (19.2-25.3) and 2.14(1.84-2.47) of 10, respectively. The highest LBP intensity was among physical fitness participants and patients with spinal lesions. Weightlifting athletes and athletes with arm movement limitations had the highest disability. The mean (95% confidence intervals) neck pain intensity score was 2.16(1.80-2.54).
Conclusion: A high prevalence of SP was observed among most disabilities and sports. Although its intensity is rarely severe among a population of any disability or sports, it is undeniably disabling among the vulnerable population of para-athletes.
Ehde DM, Jensen MP, Engel JM, Turner JA, Hoffman AJ, Cardenas DD. Chronic pain secondary to disability: A review. The Clinical Journal of Pain. 2003; 19(1):3-17. [DOI:10.1097/00002508-200301000-00002] [PMID]
Hoy D, Brooks P, Blyth F, Buchbinder R. The epidemiology of low back pain. Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology. 2010; 24(6):769-81. [DOI:10.1016/j.berh.2010.10.002] [PMID]
Ehde DM, Smith DG, Czerniecki JM, Campbell KM, Malchow DM, Robinson LR. Back pain as a secondary disability in persons with lower limb amputations. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2001; 82(6):731-4. [DOI:10.1053/apmr.2001.21962] [PMID]
Hoy DG, Protani M, De R, Buchbinder R. The epidemiology of neck pain. Best Practice & Research: Clinical Rheumatology. 2010; 24(6):783-92. [DOI:10.1016/j.berh.2011.01.019] [PMID]
Hoy D, March L, Woolf A, Blyth F, Brooks P, Smith E, et al. The global burden of neck pain: Estimates from the global burden of disease 2010 study. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2014; 73(7):1309-15. [DOI:10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-204431] [PMID]
Jensen MP, Moore MR, Bockow TB, Ehde DM, Engel JM. Psychosocial factors and adjustment to chronic pain in persons with physical disabilities: A systematic review. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2011; 92(1):146-60. [DOI:10.1016/j.apmr.2010.09.021] [PMID] [PMCID]
Noormohammadpour P, Farahbakhsh F, Farahbakhsh F, Rostami M, Kordi R. Prevalence of neck pain among athletes: A systematic review. Asian Spine Journal. 2018; 12(6):1146. [DOI:10.31616/asj.2018.12.6.1146] [PMID] [PMCID]
Kovacs FM, Seco J, Royuela A, Barriga A, Zamora J. Prevalence and factors associated with a higher risk of neck and back pain among permanent wheelchair users: A cross-sectional study. Spinal Cord. 2018; 56(4):392-405. [DOI:10.1038/s41393-017-0029-z] [PMID]
Farahbakhsh F, Akbari-Fakhrabadi M, Shariat A, Cleland JA, Farahbakhsh F, Seif-Barghi T, et al. Neck pain and low back pain in relation to functional disability in different sport activities. Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation. 2018; 14(3):509. [DOI:10.12965/jer.1836220.110] [PMID] [PMCID]
Noormohammadpour P, Rostami M, Mansournia MA, Farahbakhsh F, Pourgharib Shahi MH, Kordi R. Low back pain status of female university students in relation to different sport activities. European Spine Journal. 2016; 25(4):1196-203. [DOI:10.1007/s00586-015-4034-7] [PMID]
Noormohammadpour P, Hosseini Khezri A, Farahbakhsh F, Mansournia M, Smuck M, Kordi R. Reliability and Validity of Athletes Disability Index Questionnaire. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine. 2018; 28(2):159-167. [DOI:10.1097/JSM.0000000000000414] [PMID]
Price DD, McGrath PA, Rafii A, Buckingham B. The validation of visual analogue scales as ratio scale measures for chronic and experimental pain. Pain. 1983; 17(1):45-56. [DOI:10.1016/0304-3959(83)90126-4] [PMID]
North American Association for the Study of Obesity, National Heart, Lung, Blood Institute, NHLBI Obesity Education Initiative. The practical guide: Identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults. Michigan: National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NHLBI Obesity Education Initiative, North American Association for the Study of Obesity; 2000. [Link]
Kulkarni J, Gaine WJ, Buckley JG, Rankine JJ, Adams J. Chronic low back pain in traumatic lower limb amputees. Clinical Rehabilitation. 2005; 19(1):81-6. [DOI:10.1191/0269215505cr819oa] [PMID]
Highsmith MJ, Goff LM, Lewandowski AL, Farrokhi S, Hendershot BD, Hill OT, et al. Low back pain in persons with lower extremity amputation: A systematic review of the literature. The Spine Journal. 2019; 19(3):552-63. [DOI:10.1016/j.spinee.2018.08.011] [PMID]
Devan H, Hendrick P, Hale L, Carman A, Dillon MP, Ribeiro DC. Exploring factors influencing low back pain in people with nondysvascular lower limb amputation: A national survey. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2017; 9(10):949-59. [DOI:10.1016/j.pmrj.2017.02.004] [PMID]
O’Leary CB, Cahill CR, Robinson AW, Barnes MJ, Hong J. A systematic review: The effects of podiatrical deviations on nonspecific chronic low back pain. Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation. 2013; 26(2):117-23. [DOI:10.3233/BMR-130367] [PMID]
Heidari J, Mierswa T, Kleinert J, Ott I, Levenig C, Hasenbring M et al. Parameters of low back pain chronicity among athletes: Associations with physical and mental stress. Physical Therapy in Sport. 2016; 21:31-7. [DOI:10.1016/j.ptsp.2016.03.003] [PMID]
Zaina F, Donzelli S, Lusini M, Minnella S, Negrini S. Swimming and spinal deformities: A cross-sectional study. The Journal of Pediatrics. 2015; 166(1):163-7. [DOI:10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.09.024] [PMID]
Trompeter K, Fett D, Platen P. Prevalence of back pain in sports: A systematic review of the literature. Sports Medicine. 2017; 47:1183-207. [DOI:10.1007/s40279-016-0645-3] [PMID] [PMCID]
Moradi V, Memari AH, ShayestehFar M, Kordi R. Low back pain in athletes is associated with general and sport specific risk factors: A comprehensive review of longitudinal studies. Rehabilitation Research and Practice. 2015; 2015:850184. [DOI:10.1155/2015/850184] [PMID] [PMCID]
Schulz SS, Lenz K, Buttner-Janz K. Severe back pain in elite athletes: A cross-sectional study on 929 top athletes of Germany. European Spine Journal. 2016; 25(4):1204-10. [DOI:10.1007/s00586-015-4210-9] [PMID]
Christopher S, Tadlock BA, Veroneau BJ, Harnish C, Perera NKP, Knab AM, et al. Epidemiological profile of pain and non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug use in collegiate athletes in the United States. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2020; 21(1):561. [DOI:10.1186/s12891-020-03581-y] [PMID] [PMCID]
Nixon HL. A social network analysys of influences on athletes to play with pain and injuries. Journal of Sport and Social Issues. 1992; 16(2):127-35. [DOI:10.1177/019372359201600208]
Cheung J, Kajaks T, Macdermid JC. The relationship between neck pain and physical activity. The Open Orthopaedics Journal. 2013; 7:521-9. [DOI:10.2174/1874325001307010521] [PMID] [PMCID]
Strine TW, Hootman JM. US national prevalence and correlates of low back and neck pain among adults. Arthritis & Rheumatology. 2007; 57(4):656-65. [DOI:10.1002/art.22684] [PMID]
Boninger ML, Cooper RA, Fitzgerald SG, Lin J, Cooper R, Dicianno B et al. Investigating neck pain in wheelchair users. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. 2003; 82(3):197-202. [DOI:10.1097/01.PHM.0000054217.17816.DD] [PMID]
Dimitriadis Z, Kapreli E, Strimpakos N, Oldham J. Do psychological states associate with pain and disability in chronic neck pain patients? Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation. 2015; 28(4):797-802. [DOI:10.3233/BMR-150587] [PMID]
Thompson DP, Urmston M, Oldham JA, Woby SR. The association between cognitive factors, pain and disability in patients with idiopathic chronic neck pain. Disability and Rehabilitation. 2010; 32(21):1758-67. [DOI:10.3109/09638281003734342] [PMID]
Noormohammadpour P, Mansournia MA, Koohpayehzadeh J, Asgari F, Rostami M, Rafei A et al. Prevalence of chronic neck pain, low back pain, and knee pain and their related factors in community-dwelling adults in Iran: A population-based national study. The Clinical Journal of Pain. 2017; 33(2):181-7. [DOI:10.1097/AJP.0000000000000396] [PMID]
Nobari M, Arslan SA, Hadian MR, Ganji B. Effect of corrective exercises on cervicogenic headache in office workers with forward head posture. Journal of Modern Rehabilitation. 2017; 11(4):201-8. [Link]
Hoy D, Brooks P, Blyth F, Buchbinder R. The epidemiology of low back pain. Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology. 2010; 24(6):769-81. [DOI:10.1016/j.berh.2010.10.002] [PMID]
Ehde DM, Smith DG, Czerniecki JM, Campbell KM, Malchow DM, Robinson LR. Back pain as a secondary disability in persons with lower limb amputations. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2001; 82(6):731-4. [DOI:10.1053/apmr.2001.21962] [PMID]
Hoy DG, Protani M, De R, Buchbinder R. The epidemiology of neck pain. Best Practice & Research: Clinical Rheumatology. 2010; 24(6):783-92. [DOI:10.1016/j.berh.2011.01.019] [PMID]
Hoy D, March L, Woolf A, Blyth F, Brooks P, Smith E, et al. The global burden of neck pain: Estimates from the global burden of disease 2010 study. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2014; 73(7):1309-15. [DOI:10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-204431] [PMID]
Jensen MP, Moore MR, Bockow TB, Ehde DM, Engel JM. Psychosocial factors and adjustment to chronic pain in persons with physical disabilities: A systematic review. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2011; 92(1):146-60. [DOI:10.1016/j.apmr.2010.09.021] [PMID] [PMCID]
Noormohammadpour P, Farahbakhsh F, Farahbakhsh F, Rostami M, Kordi R. Prevalence of neck pain among athletes: A systematic review. Asian Spine Journal. 2018; 12(6):1146. [DOI:10.31616/asj.2018.12.6.1146] [PMID] [PMCID]
Kovacs FM, Seco J, Royuela A, Barriga A, Zamora J. Prevalence and factors associated with a higher risk of neck and back pain among permanent wheelchair users: A cross-sectional study. Spinal Cord. 2018; 56(4):392-405. [DOI:10.1038/s41393-017-0029-z] [PMID]
Farahbakhsh F, Akbari-Fakhrabadi M, Shariat A, Cleland JA, Farahbakhsh F, Seif-Barghi T, et al. Neck pain and low back pain in relation to functional disability in different sport activities. Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation. 2018; 14(3):509. [DOI:10.12965/jer.1836220.110] [PMID] [PMCID]
Noormohammadpour P, Rostami M, Mansournia MA, Farahbakhsh F, Pourgharib Shahi MH, Kordi R. Low back pain status of female university students in relation to different sport activities. European Spine Journal. 2016; 25(4):1196-203. [DOI:10.1007/s00586-015-4034-7] [PMID]
Noormohammadpour P, Hosseini Khezri A, Farahbakhsh F, Mansournia M, Smuck M, Kordi R. Reliability and Validity of Athletes Disability Index Questionnaire. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine. 2018; 28(2):159-167. [DOI:10.1097/JSM.0000000000000414] [PMID]
Price DD, McGrath PA, Rafii A, Buckingham B. The validation of visual analogue scales as ratio scale measures for chronic and experimental pain. Pain. 1983; 17(1):45-56. [DOI:10.1016/0304-3959(83)90126-4] [PMID]
North American Association for the Study of Obesity, National Heart, Lung, Blood Institute, NHLBI Obesity Education Initiative. The practical guide: Identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults. Michigan: National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NHLBI Obesity Education Initiative, North American Association for the Study of Obesity; 2000. [Link]
Kulkarni J, Gaine WJ, Buckley JG, Rankine JJ, Adams J. Chronic low back pain in traumatic lower limb amputees. Clinical Rehabilitation. 2005; 19(1):81-6. [DOI:10.1191/0269215505cr819oa] [PMID]
Highsmith MJ, Goff LM, Lewandowski AL, Farrokhi S, Hendershot BD, Hill OT, et al. Low back pain in persons with lower extremity amputation: A systematic review of the literature. The Spine Journal. 2019; 19(3):552-63. [DOI:10.1016/j.spinee.2018.08.011] [PMID]
Devan H, Hendrick P, Hale L, Carman A, Dillon MP, Ribeiro DC. Exploring factors influencing low back pain in people with nondysvascular lower limb amputation: A national survey. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2017; 9(10):949-59. [DOI:10.1016/j.pmrj.2017.02.004] [PMID]
O’Leary CB, Cahill CR, Robinson AW, Barnes MJ, Hong J. A systematic review: The effects of podiatrical deviations on nonspecific chronic low back pain. Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation. 2013; 26(2):117-23. [DOI:10.3233/BMR-130367] [PMID]
Heidari J, Mierswa T, Kleinert J, Ott I, Levenig C, Hasenbring M et al. Parameters of low back pain chronicity among athletes: Associations with physical and mental stress. Physical Therapy in Sport. 2016; 21:31-7. [DOI:10.1016/j.ptsp.2016.03.003] [PMID]
Zaina F, Donzelli S, Lusini M, Minnella S, Negrini S. Swimming and spinal deformities: A cross-sectional study. The Journal of Pediatrics. 2015; 166(1):163-7. [DOI:10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.09.024] [PMID]
Trompeter K, Fett D, Platen P. Prevalence of back pain in sports: A systematic review of the literature. Sports Medicine. 2017; 47:1183-207. [DOI:10.1007/s40279-016-0645-3] [PMID] [PMCID]
Moradi V, Memari AH, ShayestehFar M, Kordi R. Low back pain in athletes is associated with general and sport specific risk factors: A comprehensive review of longitudinal studies. Rehabilitation Research and Practice. 2015; 2015:850184. [DOI:10.1155/2015/850184] [PMID] [PMCID]
Schulz SS, Lenz K, Buttner-Janz K. Severe back pain in elite athletes: A cross-sectional study on 929 top athletes of Germany. European Spine Journal. 2016; 25(4):1204-10. [DOI:10.1007/s00586-015-4210-9] [PMID]
Christopher S, Tadlock BA, Veroneau BJ, Harnish C, Perera NKP, Knab AM, et al. Epidemiological profile of pain and non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug use in collegiate athletes in the United States. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2020; 21(1):561. [DOI:10.1186/s12891-020-03581-y] [PMID] [PMCID]
Nixon HL. A social network analysys of influences on athletes to play with pain and injuries. Journal of Sport and Social Issues. 1992; 16(2):127-35. [DOI:10.1177/019372359201600208]
Cheung J, Kajaks T, Macdermid JC. The relationship between neck pain and physical activity. The Open Orthopaedics Journal. 2013; 7:521-9. [DOI:10.2174/1874325001307010521] [PMID] [PMCID]
Strine TW, Hootman JM. US national prevalence and correlates of low back and neck pain among adults. Arthritis & Rheumatology. 2007; 57(4):656-65. [DOI:10.1002/art.22684] [PMID]
Boninger ML, Cooper RA, Fitzgerald SG, Lin J, Cooper R, Dicianno B et al. Investigating neck pain in wheelchair users. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. 2003; 82(3):197-202. [DOI:10.1097/01.PHM.0000054217.17816.DD] [PMID]
Dimitriadis Z, Kapreli E, Strimpakos N, Oldham J. Do psychological states associate with pain and disability in chronic neck pain patients? Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation. 2015; 28(4):797-802. [DOI:10.3233/BMR-150587] [PMID]
Thompson DP, Urmston M, Oldham JA, Woby SR. The association between cognitive factors, pain and disability in patients with idiopathic chronic neck pain. Disability and Rehabilitation. 2010; 32(21):1758-67. [DOI:10.3109/09638281003734342] [PMID]
Noormohammadpour P, Mansournia MA, Koohpayehzadeh J, Asgari F, Rostami M, Rafei A et al. Prevalence of chronic neck pain, low back pain, and knee pain and their related factors in community-dwelling adults in Iran: A population-based national study. The Clinical Journal of Pain. 2017; 33(2):181-7. [DOI:10.1097/AJP.0000000000000396] [PMID]
Nobari M, Arslan SA, Hadian MR, Ganji B. Effect of corrective exercises on cervicogenic headache in office workers with forward head posture. Journal of Modern Rehabilitation. 2017; 11(4):201-8. [Link]
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 17 No 2 (2023) | |
| Section | Research Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jmr.v17i2.12414 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Low back pain Neck pain Disabled persons Sports for persons with disabilities Para-athletes | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Shahbandi A, Farahbakhsh F, Noormohammadpour P, Moghadam N, Rostami M, Hassanmirzaei B, Kordi R. Spinal Pain Prevalence and Characteristics among Male Athletes with Disabilities. jmr. 2023;17(2):156-171.
