Effects of Blood Flow Restriction on Pain and Muscle Thickness Following Tendinopathy: A Case Study
-
Zahra Poursaleh Begi
,
Siamak Bashardoust Tajali
,
Seyed Mohsen Mir
,
Saeed Talebian
,
Azadeh Shadmehr
,
Zinat Ashnagar
Abstract
Introduction: Blood flow restriction (BFR) training, in which an inflatable cuff partially occludes blood flow around the proximal portion of a limb, coupled with low-load resistance exercise (LLRE) has resulted in gains comparable with traditional progressive resistive exercise in healthy populations. The use of BFR with LLRE may help people with supraspinatus tendinopathy through proximal effects to improve strength and muscle size. The purpose of this case report is to describe the proximal effect of the LLRE+BFR program on a patient with supraspinatus tendinopathy.
Materials and Methods: The patient was a 40-year-old man with a history of shoulder pain and weakness for the past months. He received an LLRE+BFR program for his right shoulder including rotator cuff and scapular strengthening exercises and lower limbs aerobic exercises based on protocols of strengthening and aerobic exercises of BFR. Outcomes measured at baseline and 4 weeks included the 4 items: 1) Strength of supraspinatus muscle and four scapular stabilizer muscles including serratus anterior strength, middle trapezius strength, and lower trapezius strength by dynamometer, 2) supraspinatus thickness by ultrasound, 3) pain pressure threshold of supraspinatus and deltoid muscles by algometer, and 4) pain reported bay in each session based on pain numeric scale.
Results: After 6 weeks, the strength of supraspinatus and scapular stabilizers except for the lower trapezius increased. The supraspinatus thickness and pain pressure threshold in the supraspinatus and deltoid muscle also increased after 4 weeks. The mean of pain reported by the patient based on the pain numeric scale before and after each session was also decreased.
Conclusion: The patient had measurable improvements following the use of an LLRE+BFR program. LLRE+BFR program may be an option for strength training in people with supraspinatus tendinopathy; however, more research is needed to determine effectiveness across the population of people with supraspinatus tendinopathy.
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Maciel Batista M, da Silva DS, Bento PC. Effects of blood flow restriction training on strength, muscle mass and physical function in older individuals-systematic review and meta-analysis. Physical & Occupational Therapy in Geriatrics. 2020; 38(4):400-17. [DOI:10.1080/02703181.2020.1769796]
Sato Y. The history and future of KAATSU training. International Journal of KAATSU Training Research. 2005; 1(1):1-5. [DOI:10.3806/ijktr.1.1]
Lixandrao ME, Ugrinowitsch C, Berton R, Vechin FC, Conceição MS, Damas F, et al. Magnitude of muscle strength and mass adaptations between high-load resistance training versus low-load resistance training associated with blood-flow restriction: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports medicine. 2018; 48(2):361-78. [DOI:10.1007/s40279-017-0795-y] [PMID]
Hughes L, Paton B, Rosenblatt B, Gissane C, Patterson SD. Blood flow restriction training in clinical musculoskeletal rehabilitation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2017; 51(13):1003-11. [DOI:10.1136/bjsports-2016-097071] [PMID]
Grønfeldt BM, Lindberg Nielsen J, Mieritz RM, Lund H, Aagaard P. Effect of blood flow restricted vs heavy load strength training on muscle strength: Systematic review and meta analysis. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 2020; 30(5):837-48. [DOI:10.1111/sms.13632] [PMID]
Patterson SD, Hughes L, Warmington S, Burr J, Scott BR, Owens J. Blood flow restriction exercise position stand: Considerations of methodology, application, and safety. Front Physiol 10:533. [DOI:10.3389/fphys.2019.01332] [PMID] [PMCID]
Hughes L, Patterson SD. The effect of blood flow restriction exercise on exercise-induced hypoalgesia and endogenous opioid and endocannabinoid mechanisms of pain modulation. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2020; 128(4):914-24.[DOI:10.1152/japplphysiol.00768.2019] [PMID]
Ferlito JV, Pecce SA, Oselame L, De Marchi T. The blood flow restriction training effect in knee osteoarthritis people: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Rehabilitation. 2020; 34(11):1378-90. [DOI:10.1177/0269215520943650] [PMID]
Bowman EN, Elshaar R, Milligan H, Jue G, Mohr K, Brown P, et al. Upper-extremity blood flow restriction: The proximal, distal, and contralateral effects-a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2020; 29(6):1267-74. [DOI:10.1016/j.jse.2020.02.003] [PMID]
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Lai J, Gagnier JJ. The effect of lipid disorders on the risk of rotator cuff disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JBJS Open Access. 2018; 3(3). [DOI:10.2106/JBJS.OA.18.00018] [PMID] [PMCID]
Baskerville R, McCartney DE, McCartney SM, Dawes H, Tan GD. Tendinopathy in type 2 diabetes: A condition between specialties? British Journal of General Practice. 2018; 68(677):593-4. [DOI:10.3399/bjgp18X700169] [PMID] [PMCID]
Cheimonidou AZ, Stasinopoulos D, Papathanasiou G, Sacha M. The effectiveness of scapulo-focused kinesiotherapy treatment in patients with shoulder impingement syndrome and rotator cuff tendinopathy: A systematic review. European University of Cyprus. 2019. [Link]
Kibler WB, Ludewig PM, McClure PW, Michener LA, Bak K, Sciascia AD. Clinical implications of scapular dyskinesis in shoulder injury: The 2013 consensus statement from the ‘scapular summit’. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2013; 47(14):877-85. [DOI:10.1136/bjsports-2013-092425] [PMID]
Keshavarz R, Tajali SB, Mir SM, Ashrafi H. The role of scapular kinematics in patients with different shoulder musculoskeletal disorders: A systematic review approach. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies. 2017; 21(2):386-400. [DOI:10.1016/j.jbmt.2016.09.002] [PMID]
Burkhart SS, Morgan CD, Kibler WB. The disabled throwing shoulder: Spectrum of pathology part I: Pathoanatomy and biomechanics. Arthroscopy 2003; 19:404-20. [DOI:10.1053/jars.2003.50128] [PMID]
Burkhart SS, Morgan CD, Kibler WB. The disabled throwing shoulder: Spectrum of pathology Part III: The SICK scapula, scapular dyskinesis, the kinetic chain, and rehabilitation. Arthroscopy 2003; 19:641-61. [DOI:10.1016/S0749-8063(03)00389-X] [PMID]
Dines JS, Frank JB, Akerman M, Yocum LA. Glenohumeral internal rotation deficits in baseball players with ulnar collateral ligament insufficiency. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2009; 37(3):566-70.[DOI:10.1177/0363546508326712] [PMID]
Weiser WM, Lee TQ, McMaster WC, McMahon PJ. Effects of simulated scapular protraction on anterior glenohumeral stability. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1999; 27(6):801-5. [DOI:10.1177/03635465990270061901] [PMID]
Silva RT, Hartmann LG, de Souza Laurino CF, Biló JR. Clinical and ultrasonographic correlation between scapular dyskinesia and subacromial space measurement among junior elite tennis players. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2010; 44(6):407-10. [DOI:10.1136/bjsm.2008.046284] [PMID]
Seitz AL, McClure PW, Lynch SS, Ketchum JM, Michener LA. Effects of scapular dyskinesis and scapular assistance test on subacromial space during static arm elevation. Journal of Shoulder And Elbow Surgery. 2012; 21(5):631-40. [DOI:10.1016/j.jse.2011.01.008] [PMID]
Tate AR, Mcclure P, Kareha S, Irwin D. Effect of the scapula reposition test on shoulder impingement symptoms and elevation strength in overhead athletes. journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 2008; 38(1):4-11. [DOI:10.2519/jospt.2008.2616] [PMID]
Kibler WB, Sciascia A, Dome D. Evaluation of apparent and absolute supraspinatus strength in patients with shoulder injury using the scapular retraction test. American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2006; 34:1643-7. [DOI:10.1177/0363546506288728] [PMID]
Schory A, Bidinger E, Wolf J, Murray L. A systematic review of the exercises that produce optimal muscle ratios of the scapular stabilizers in normal shoulders. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy. 2016; 11(3):321. [PMCID] [PMID]
Ludewig PM, Reynolds JF. The association of scapular kinematics and glenohumeral joint pathologies. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 2009; 39(2):90-104. [DOI:10.2519/jospt.2009.2808] [PMID] [PMCID]
Plinsinga ML, Brink MS, Vicenzino B, Van Wilgen CP. Evidence of nervous system sensitization in commonly presenting and persistent painful tendinopathies: A systematic review. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 2015; 45(11):864-75. [DOI:10.2519/jospt.2015.5895] [PMID]
Lewis J, McCreesh K, Roy JS, Ginn K. Rotator cuff tendinopathy: Navigating the diagnosis-management conundrum. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 2015; 45(11):923-37. [DOI:10.2519/jospt.2015.5941] [PMID]
Pieters L, Lewis J, Kuppens K, Jochems J, Bruijstens T, Joossens L, Struyf F. An update of systematic reviews examining the effectiveness of conservative physical therapy interventions for subacromial shoulder pain. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 2020; 50(3):131-41. [DOI:10.2519/jospt.2020.8498] [PMID]
Moghadam AN, Rahnama L, Dehkordi SN, Abdollahi S. Exercise therapy may affect scapular position and motion in individuals with scapular dyskinesis: A systematic review of clinical trials. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2020; 29(1):e29-36. [DOI:10.1016/j.jse.2019.05.037] [PMID]
Gismervik SØ, Drogset JO, Granviken F, Rø M, Leivseth G. Physical examination tests of the shoulder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test performance. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2017; 18(1):41. [DOI:10.1186/s12891-017-1400-0] [PMID] [PMCID]
Jancuska J, Matthews J, Miller T, Kluczynski MA, Bisson LJ. A systematic summary of systematic reviews on the topic of the rotator cuff. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine. 2018; 6(9):2325967118797891. [DOI:10.1177/2325967118797891] [PMID] [PMCID]
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Nakajima T, Morita T, Sato Y. Key considerations when conducting KAATSU training. International Journal of KAATSU Training Research. 2011; 7(1):1-6. [DOI:10.3806/ijktr.7.1]
Hannah DC, Scibek JS, Carcia CR. Strength profiles in healthy individuals with and without scapular dyskinesis. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy. 2017; 12(3):305. [PMCID] [PMID]
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Papatzika F, Papandreou M, Ekizos A, Panteli C, Arampatzis A. Reliability and limits of agreement of the supraspinatus muscle anatomical cross-sectional area assessment by ultrasonography. Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology. 2015; 41(7):1821-6. [DOI:10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2015.02.017] [PMID]
Juul-Kristensen B, Bojsen-Møller F, Holst E, Ekdahl C. Comparison of muscle sizes and moment arms of two rotator cuff muscles measured by ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging. European Journal of Ultrasound. 2000; 11(3):161-73. [DOI:10.1016/S0929-8266(00)00084-7] [PMID]
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Keshavarz R, Bashardoust Tajali S, Mir SM, Ashrafi H. The role of scapular kinematics in patients with different shoulder musculoskeletal disorders: A systematic review approach. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies. 2017; 21(2): 386-400. [DOI:10.1016/j.jbmt.2016.09.002] [PMID]
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Maciel Batista M, da Silva DS, Bento PC. Effects of blood flow restriction training on strength, muscle mass and physical function in older individuals-systematic review and meta-analysis. Physical & Occupational Therapy in Geriatrics. 2020; 38(4):400-17. [DOI:10.1080/02703181.2020.1769796]
Sato Y. The history and future of KAATSU training. International Journal of KAATSU Training Research. 2005; 1(1):1-5. [DOI:10.3806/ijktr.1.1]
Lixandrao ME, Ugrinowitsch C, Berton R, Vechin FC, Conceição MS, Damas F, et al. Magnitude of muscle strength and mass adaptations between high-load resistance training versus low-load resistance training associated with blood-flow restriction: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports medicine. 2018; 48(2):361-78. [DOI:10.1007/s40279-017-0795-y] [PMID]
Hughes L, Paton B, Rosenblatt B, Gissane C, Patterson SD. Blood flow restriction training in clinical musculoskeletal rehabilitation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2017; 51(13):1003-11. [DOI:10.1136/bjsports-2016-097071] [PMID]
Grønfeldt BM, Lindberg Nielsen J, Mieritz RM, Lund H, Aagaard P. Effect of blood flow restricted vs heavy load strength training on muscle strength: Systematic review and meta analysis. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 2020; 30(5):837-48. [DOI:10.1111/sms.13632] [PMID]
Patterson SD, Hughes L, Warmington S, Burr J, Scott BR, Owens J. Blood flow restriction exercise position stand: Considerations of methodology, application, and safety. Front Physiol 10:533. [DOI:10.3389/fphys.2019.01332] [PMID] [PMCID]
Hughes L, Patterson SD. The effect of blood flow restriction exercise on exercise-induced hypoalgesia and endogenous opioid and endocannabinoid mechanisms of pain modulation. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2020; 128(4):914-24.[DOI:10.1152/japplphysiol.00768.2019] [PMID]
Ferlito JV, Pecce SA, Oselame L, De Marchi T. The blood flow restriction training effect in knee osteoarthritis people: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Rehabilitation. 2020; 34(11):1378-90. [DOI:10.1177/0269215520943650] [PMID]
Bowman EN, Elshaar R, Milligan H, Jue G, Mohr K, Brown P, et al. Upper-extremity blood flow restriction: The proximal, distal, and contralateral effects-a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2020; 29(6):1267-74. [DOI:10.1016/j.jse.2020.02.003] [PMID]
Bowman EN, Elshaar R, Milligan H, Jue G, Mohr K, Brown P, et al. Proximal, distal, and contralateral effects of blood flow restriction training on the lower extremities: A randomized controlled trial. Sports Health. 2019; 11(2):149-56. [DOI:10.1177/1941738118821929] [PMID] [PMCID]
Lambert B, Hedt C, Epner E, Chaliki K, Wang C, Lee J, et al. BFR For Proximal Benefit: Blood flow restriction therapy for the shoulder?: 3527 Board# 215 June 1 9:30 AM-11:00 AM. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2019; 51(6S):972-3. [DOI:10.1249/01.mss.0000563417.30599.51]
Spargoli G. Supraspinatus tendon pathomechanics: A current concepts review. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy. 2018; 13(6):1083. [DOI:10.26603/ijspt20181083] [PMID] [PMCID]
Tempelhof S Rupp S Seil R. Age-related prevalence of rotator cuff tears in asymptomatic shoulders. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 1999; 8(4):296-199. [DOI:10.1016/S1058-2746(99)90148-9] [PMID]
Lai J, Gagnier JJ. The effect of lipid disorders on the risk of rotator cuff disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JBJS Open Access. 2018; 3(3). [DOI:10.2106/JBJS.OA.18.00018] [PMID] [PMCID]
Baskerville R, McCartney DE, McCartney SM, Dawes H, Tan GD. Tendinopathy in type 2 diabetes: A condition between specialties? British Journal of General Practice. 2018; 68(677):593-4. [DOI:10.3399/bjgp18X700169] [PMID] [PMCID]
Cheimonidou AZ, Stasinopoulos D, Papathanasiou G, Sacha M. The effectiveness of scapulo-focused kinesiotherapy treatment in patients with shoulder impingement syndrome and rotator cuff tendinopathy: A systematic review. European University of Cyprus. 2019. [Link]
Kibler WB, Ludewig PM, McClure PW, Michener LA, Bak K, Sciascia AD. Clinical implications of scapular dyskinesis in shoulder injury: The 2013 consensus statement from the ‘scapular summit’. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2013; 47(14):877-85. [DOI:10.1136/bjsports-2013-092425] [PMID]
Keshavarz R, Tajali SB, Mir SM, Ashrafi H. The role of scapular kinematics in patients with different shoulder musculoskeletal disorders: A systematic review approach. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies. 2017; 21(2):386-400. [DOI:10.1016/j.jbmt.2016.09.002] [PMID]
Burkhart SS, Morgan CD, Kibler WB. The disabled throwing shoulder: Spectrum of pathology part I: Pathoanatomy and biomechanics. Arthroscopy 2003; 19:404-20. [DOI:10.1053/jars.2003.50128] [PMID]
Burkhart SS, Morgan CD, Kibler WB. The disabled throwing shoulder: Spectrum of pathology Part III: The SICK scapula, scapular dyskinesis, the kinetic chain, and rehabilitation. Arthroscopy 2003; 19:641-61. [DOI:10.1016/S0749-8063(03)00389-X] [PMID]
Dines JS, Frank JB, Akerman M, Yocum LA. Glenohumeral internal rotation deficits in baseball players with ulnar collateral ligament insufficiency. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2009; 37(3):566-70.[DOI:10.1177/0363546508326712] [PMID]
Weiser WM, Lee TQ, McMaster WC, McMahon PJ. Effects of simulated scapular protraction on anterior glenohumeral stability. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1999; 27(6):801-5. [DOI:10.1177/03635465990270061901] [PMID]
Silva RT, Hartmann LG, de Souza Laurino CF, Biló JR. Clinical and ultrasonographic correlation between scapular dyskinesia and subacromial space measurement among junior elite tennis players. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2010; 44(6):407-10. [DOI:10.1136/bjsm.2008.046284] [PMID]
Seitz AL, McClure PW, Lynch SS, Ketchum JM, Michener LA. Effects of scapular dyskinesis and scapular assistance test on subacromial space during static arm elevation. Journal of Shoulder And Elbow Surgery. 2012; 21(5):631-40. [DOI:10.1016/j.jse.2011.01.008] [PMID]
Tate AR, Mcclure P, Kareha S, Irwin D. Effect of the scapula reposition test on shoulder impingement symptoms and elevation strength in overhead athletes. journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 2008; 38(1):4-11. [DOI:10.2519/jospt.2008.2616] [PMID]
Kibler WB, Sciascia A, Dome D. Evaluation of apparent and absolute supraspinatus strength in patients with shoulder injury using the scapular retraction test. American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2006; 34:1643-7. [DOI:10.1177/0363546506288728] [PMID]
Schory A, Bidinger E, Wolf J, Murray L. A systematic review of the exercises that produce optimal muscle ratios of the scapular stabilizers in normal shoulders. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy. 2016; 11(3):321. [PMCID] [PMID]
Ludewig PM, Reynolds JF. The association of scapular kinematics and glenohumeral joint pathologies. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 2009; 39(2):90-104. [DOI:10.2519/jospt.2009.2808] [PMID] [PMCID]
Plinsinga ML, Brink MS, Vicenzino B, Van Wilgen CP. Evidence of nervous system sensitization in commonly presenting and persistent painful tendinopathies: A systematic review. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 2015; 45(11):864-75. [DOI:10.2519/jospt.2015.5895] [PMID]
Lewis J, McCreesh K, Roy JS, Ginn K. Rotator cuff tendinopathy: Navigating the diagnosis-management conundrum. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 2015; 45(11):923-37. [DOI:10.2519/jospt.2015.5941] [PMID]
Pieters L, Lewis J, Kuppens K, Jochems J, Bruijstens T, Joossens L, Struyf F. An update of systematic reviews examining the effectiveness of conservative physical therapy interventions for subacromial shoulder pain. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 2020; 50(3):131-41. [DOI:10.2519/jospt.2020.8498] [PMID]
Moghadam AN, Rahnama L, Dehkordi SN, Abdollahi S. Exercise therapy may affect scapular position and motion in individuals with scapular dyskinesis: A systematic review of clinical trials. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2020; 29(1):e29-36. [DOI:10.1016/j.jse.2019.05.037] [PMID]
Gismervik SØ, Drogset JO, Granviken F, Rø M, Leivseth G. Physical examination tests of the shoulder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test performance. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2017; 18(1):41. [DOI:10.1186/s12891-017-1400-0] [PMID] [PMCID]
Jancuska J, Matthews J, Miller T, Kluczynski MA, Bisson LJ. A systematic summary of systematic reviews on the topic of the rotator cuff. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine. 2018; 6(9):2325967118797891. [DOI:10.1177/2325967118797891] [PMID] [PMCID]
Kacin A, Rosenblatt B, Žargi TG, Biswas A. Safety considerations with blood flow restricted resistance training. Annales Kinesiologiae. 2015; 6(1):3-26. [Link]
Nakajima T, Morita T, Sato Y. Key considerations when conducting KAATSU training. International Journal of KAATSU Training Research. 2011; 7(1):1-6. [DOI:10.3806/ijktr.7.1]
Hannah DC, Scibek JS, Carcia CR. Strength profiles in healthy individuals with and without scapular dyskinesis. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy. 2017; 12(3):305. [PMCID] [PMID]
Kendall FP, McCreary EK, Provance PG. Muscles: Testing and function. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins; 1993. [DOI:10.1249/00005768-199408000-00023]
Krzesniak‐Swinarska M, Caress JB, Cartwright MS. Neuromuscular ultrasound for evaluation of scapular winging. Muscle & Nerve. 2017; 56(1):7-14. [DOI:10.1002/mus.25533] [PMID]
Papatzika F, Papandreou M, Ekizos A, Panteli C, Arampatzis A. Reliability and limits of agreement of the supraspinatus muscle anatomical cross-sectional area assessment by ultrasonography. Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology. 2015; 41(7):1821-6. [DOI:10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2015.02.017] [PMID]
Juul-Kristensen B, Bojsen-Møller F, Holst E, Ekdahl C. Comparison of muscle sizes and moment arms of two rotator cuff muscles measured by ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging. European Journal of Ultrasound. 2000; 11(3):161-73. [DOI:10.1016/S0929-8266(00)00084-7] [PMID]
American College of Sports Medicine. Kaminsky L, editor. ACSM’s guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. 7thed. Baltimore: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; 2006. [Link]
McNair PJ, Colvin M, Reid D. Predicting maximal strength of quadriceps from submaximal performance in individuals with knee joint osteoarthritis. Arthritis Care & Research. 2011; 63(2):216-22. [DOI:10.1002/acr.20368] [PMID]
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| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 17 No 2 (2023) | |
| Section | Case Report(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jmr.v17i2.12418 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Blood flow restriction Proximal effect Supraspinatus tendinopathy | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Poursaleh Begi Z, Bashardoust Tajali S, Mir SM, Talebian S, Shadmehr A, Ashnagar Z. Effects of Blood Flow Restriction on Pain and Muscle Thickness Following Tendinopathy: A Case Study. jmr. 2023;17(2):199-211.
