Effect of Proprioceptive Training on Reaction Time: A Randomized Control Trial
Abstract
Introduction: Reaction time is an important indicator of good performance. Different types of exercises have been used by researchers to improve the reaction time of an individual. Other types of exercises still need more research to study their effect on simple reaction time, such as proprioceptive training. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of a proprioceptive training program using the Huber machine on the simple reaction time.
Materials and Methods: Twenty-one participants from the medical staff were assigned to two groups including the experimental group (1) composed of 5 male and 5 female participants and a control group (2) including 5 male and 6 female participants. A simple reaction time (SRT) test was assigned to all participants. Only the experimental group performed a proprioceptive exercise protocol on Huber motion’s platform, while the control group was tested at identical periods without exercising before the training (T0), immediately post-exercise (T1), and twenty minutes after exercising (T2). The procedure was repeated for six sessions over two weeks.
Results: The participants of the group (1) show a decrease in the mean of RT (-43 min) immediately after proprioceptive training (T1), but they reveal a little increase (at T2) in SRT after an interval of 20 minutes (-23 min). They still prove a retention effect, while few participants in the control group show improvement at T1 or T2. Paired sample t-test was significant for the group (1) at T1 and T2 (P<0.05) while it was not significant for the control group.
Conclusion: Proprioceptive training may have a positive influence on reaction time with a retention effect. Clinicians can use proprioceptive training to improve the reaction time of their patients.
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Wang CH, Chang CC, Liang YM, Shih CM, Chiu WS, Tseng P, Hung DL, Tzeng OJ, Muggleton NG, Juan CH. Open vs. closed skill sports and the modulation of inhibitory control. PloS One. 2013; 8(2):e55773. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0055773] [PMID] [PMCID]
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Ashnagar Z, Shadmehr A, Jalaei S. The effects of acute bout of cycling on auditory & visual reaction times. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies. 2015; 19(2):268-72. [DOI:10.1016/j.jbmt.2014.05.003] [PMID]
Elferink-Gemser MT, Jordet G, Coelho-E-Silva MJ, Visscher C. The marvels of elite sports: How to get there? British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2011; 45(9):683-4. [DOI:10.1136/bjsports-2011-090254] [PMID]
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Dehcheshmeh FG, Amiri A, Maroufi N, Jamshidi A, Jalaei S. Determining the delay time of the muscles around the knee joint in response to rotational perturbation from support surface. Journal of Modern Rehabilitation. 2020; 14(3):169-76. [DOI:10.18502/jmr.v14i3.7715]
Ricotti L, Rigosa J, Niosi A, Menciassi A. Analysis of balance, rapidity, force and reaction times of soccer players at different levels of competition. PloS One. 2013; 8(10):e77264. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0077264] [PMID] [PMCID]
Abbruzzese G, Trompetto C, Mori L, Pelosin E. Proprioceptive rehabilitation of upper limb dysfunction in movement disorders: A clinical perspective. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 2014; 8:961. [DOI:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00961] [PMID] [PMCID]
Delheye P. Statistics, gymnastics and the origins of sport science in Belgium (and Europe). European Journal of Sport Science. 2014; 14(7):652-60. [DOI:10.1080/17461391.2014.893021] [PMID]
Deary IJ, Liewald D, Nissan J. A free, easy-to-use, computer-based simple and four-choice reaction time programme: The Deary-Liewald reaction time task. Behavior Research Methods. 2011; 43:258-68. [DOI:10.3758/s13428-010-0024-1] [PMID]
Guiraud T, Labrunée M, Besnier F, Sénard JM, Pillard F, Rivière D, et al. Whole-body strength training with Huber Motion Lab and traditional strength training in cardiac rehabilitation: A randomized controlled study. Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine. 2017; 60(1):20-6. [DOI:10.1016/j.rehab.2016.07.385] [PMID]
Pain MT, Hibbs A. Sprint starts and the minimum auditory reaction time. Journal of Sports Sciences. 2007; 25(1):79-86. [DOI:10.1080/02640410600718004]
Bue-Estes CL, Willer B, Burton H, Leddy JJ, Wilding GE, Horvath PJ. Short-term exercise to exhaustion and its effects on cognitive function in young women. Perceptual and Motor Skills. 2008; 107(3):933-45. [DOI:10.2466/pms.107.3.933-945] [PMID]
Barella LA, Etnier JL, Chang YK. The immediate and delayed effects of an acute bout of exercise on cognitive performance of healthy older adults. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity. 2010; 18(1):87-98. [DOI:10.1123/japa.18.1.87] [PMID]
Reddy S, Eckner JT, Kutcher JS. Effect of acute exercise on clinically measured reaction time in collegiate athletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2014; 46(3):429-34. [DOI:10.1249/MSS.0000000000000140] [PMID] [PMCID]
McDonald KG, Grote S, Shoepe TC. Effect of training mode on post-exercise heart rate recovery of trained cyclists. Journal of Human Kinetics. 2014; 41:43-9. [DOI:10.2478/hukin-2014-0031] [PMID] [PMCID]
van Het Reve E, de Bruin ED. Strength-balance supplemented with computerized cognitive training to improve dual task gait and divided attention in older adults: A multicenter randomized-controlled trial. BMC Geriatrics. 2014; 14(1):1-5. [DOI:10.1186/1471-2318-14-134] [PMID] [PMCID]
Nakase J, Inaki A, Mochizuki T, Toratani T, Kosaka M, Ohashi Y, et al. Whole body muscle activity during the FIFA 11+ program evaluated by positron emission tomography. PloS One. 2013; 8(9):e73898. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0073898] [PMID] [PMCID]
Wawrzyniak AJ, Hamer M, Steptoe A, Endrighi R. Decreased reaction time variability is associated with greater cardiovascular responses to acute stress. Psychophysiology. 2016; 53(5):739-48. [DOI:10.1111/psyp.12617] [PMID] [PMCID]
Nakamoto H, Mori S. Sport-specific decision-making in a Go/NoGo reaction task: Difference among nonathletes and baseball and basketball players. Perceptual and Motor Skills. 2008; 106(1):163-70. [DOI:10.2466/pms.106.1.163-170] [PMID]
Collardeau M, Brisswalter J, Audiffren M. Effects of a prolonged run on simple reaction time of well trained runners. Perceptual and Motor Skills. 2001; 93(3):679-89. [DOI:10.2466/pms.2001.93.3.679] [PMID]
Norton K, Norton L, Lewis N. Effects of short-term physical activity interventions on simple and choice response times. BioMed Research International. 2016; 2016:5613767. [DOI:10.1155/2016/5613767] [PMID] [PMCID]
Andersen LL, Magnusson SP, Nielsen M, Haleem J, Poulsen K, Aagaard P. Neuromuscular activation in conventional therapeutic exercises and heavy resistance exercises: Implications for rehabilitation. Physical Therapy. 2006; 86(5):683-97. [DOI:10.1093/ptj/86.5.683] [PMID]
Hao X, Wang K, Li W, Yang W, Wei D, Qiu J, et al. Individual differences in brain structure and resting brain function underlie cognitive styles: Evidence from the embedded figures test. Plos One. 2013; 8(12):e78089. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0078089] [PMID] [PMCID]
Magallon S, Narbona J, Crespo-Eguílaz N. Acquisition of motor and cognitive skills through repetition in typically developing children. Plos One. 2016; 11(7):e0158684.[DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0158684] [PMID] [PMCID]
Nikam LH, Gadkari JV. Effect of age, gender and body mass index on visual and auditory reaction times in Indian population. Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 2012; 56(1):94-9. [Link]
Jain A, Bansal R, Kumar A, Singh KD. A comparative study of visual and auditory reaction times on the basis of gender and physical activity levels of medical first year students. International Journal of Applied and Basic Medical Research. 2015; 5(2):124-7. [DOI:10.4103/2229-516X.157168] [PMID] [PMCID]
Rauschecker JP. Auditory and visual cortex of primates: A comparison of two sensory systems. European Journal of Neuroscience. 2015; 41(5):579-85. [DOI:10.1111/ejn.12844] [PMID] [PMCID]
Balakrishnan G, Uppinakudru G, Girwar Singh G, Bangera S, Dutt Raghavendra A, Thangavel D. A comparative study on visual choice reaction time for different colors in females. Neurology Research International. 2014; 2014. [DOI:10.1155/2014/301473] [PMID] [PMCID]
Huijgen BC, Leemhuis S, Kok NM, Verburgh L, Oosterlaan J, Elferink-Gemser MT, et al. Cognitive functions in elite and sub-elite youth soccer players aged 13 to 17 years. PloS One. 2015; 10(12):e0144580. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0144580] [PMID] [PMCID]
Verburgh L, Scherder EJ, van Lange PA, Oosterlaan J. Executive functioning in highly talented soccer players. PloS One. 2014; 9(3):e91254. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0091254] [PMID] [PMCID]
Wang CH, Chang CC, Liang YM, Shih CM, Chiu WS, Tseng P, Hung DL, Tzeng OJ, Muggleton NG, Juan CH. Open vs. closed skill sports and the modulation of inhibitory control. PloS One. 2013; 8(2):e55773. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0055773] [PMID] [PMCID]
Nuri L, Shadmehr A, Ghotbi N, Attarbashi Moghadam B. Reaction time and anticipatory skill of athletes in open and closed skill-dominated sport. European Journal of Sport Science. 2013; 13(5):431-6. [DOI:10.1080/17461391.2012.738712] [PMID]
Ashnagar Z, Shadmehr A, Jalaei S. The effects of acute bout of cycling on auditory & visual reaction times. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies. 2015; 19(2):268-72. [DOI:10.1016/j.jbmt.2014.05.003] [PMID]
Elferink-Gemser MT, Jordet G, Coelho-E-Silva MJ, Visscher C. The marvels of elite sports: How to get there? British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2011; 45(9):683-4. [DOI:10.1136/bjsports-2011-090254] [PMID]
Aman JE, Elangovan N, Yeh IL, Konczak J. The effectiveness of proprioceptive training for improving motor function: A systematic review. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 2015; 8:1075. [DOI:10.3389/fnhum.2014.01075] [PMID] [PMCID]
Dehcheshmeh FG, Amiri A, Maroufi N, Jamshidi A, Jalaei S. Determining the delay time of the muscles around the knee joint in response to rotational perturbation from support surface. Journal of Modern Rehabilitation. 2020; 14(3):169-76. [DOI:10.18502/jmr.v14i3.7715]
Ricotti L, Rigosa J, Niosi A, Menciassi A. Analysis of balance, rapidity, force and reaction times of soccer players at different levels of competition. PloS One. 2013; 8(10):e77264. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0077264] [PMID] [PMCID]
Abbruzzese G, Trompetto C, Mori L, Pelosin E. Proprioceptive rehabilitation of upper limb dysfunction in movement disorders: A clinical perspective. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 2014; 8:961. [DOI:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00961] [PMID] [PMCID]
Delheye P. Statistics, gymnastics and the origins of sport science in Belgium (and Europe). European Journal of Sport Science. 2014; 14(7):652-60. [DOI:10.1080/17461391.2014.893021] [PMID]
Deary IJ, Liewald D, Nissan J. A free, easy-to-use, computer-based simple and four-choice reaction time programme: The Deary-Liewald reaction time task. Behavior Research Methods. 2011; 43:258-68. [DOI:10.3758/s13428-010-0024-1] [PMID]
Guiraud T, Labrunée M, Besnier F, Sénard JM, Pillard F, Rivière D, et al. Whole-body strength training with Huber Motion Lab and traditional strength training in cardiac rehabilitation: A randomized controlled study. Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine. 2017; 60(1):20-6. [DOI:10.1016/j.rehab.2016.07.385] [PMID]
Pain MT, Hibbs A. Sprint starts and the minimum auditory reaction time. Journal of Sports Sciences. 2007; 25(1):79-86. [DOI:10.1080/02640410600718004]
Bue-Estes CL, Willer B, Burton H, Leddy JJ, Wilding GE, Horvath PJ. Short-term exercise to exhaustion and its effects on cognitive function in young women. Perceptual and Motor Skills. 2008; 107(3):933-45. [DOI:10.2466/pms.107.3.933-945] [PMID]
Barella LA, Etnier JL, Chang YK. The immediate and delayed effects of an acute bout of exercise on cognitive performance of healthy older adults. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity. 2010; 18(1):87-98. [DOI:10.1123/japa.18.1.87] [PMID]
Reddy S, Eckner JT, Kutcher JS. Effect of acute exercise on clinically measured reaction time in collegiate athletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2014; 46(3):429-34. [DOI:10.1249/MSS.0000000000000140] [PMID] [PMCID]
McDonald KG, Grote S, Shoepe TC. Effect of training mode on post-exercise heart rate recovery of trained cyclists. Journal of Human Kinetics. 2014; 41:43-9. [DOI:10.2478/hukin-2014-0031] [PMID] [PMCID]
van Het Reve E, de Bruin ED. Strength-balance supplemented with computerized cognitive training to improve dual task gait and divided attention in older adults: A multicenter randomized-controlled trial. BMC Geriatrics. 2014; 14(1):1-5. [DOI:10.1186/1471-2318-14-134] [PMID] [PMCID]
Nakase J, Inaki A, Mochizuki T, Toratani T, Kosaka M, Ohashi Y, et al. Whole body muscle activity during the FIFA 11+ program evaluated by positron emission tomography. PloS One. 2013; 8(9):e73898. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0073898] [PMID] [PMCID]
Wawrzyniak AJ, Hamer M, Steptoe A, Endrighi R. Decreased reaction time variability is associated with greater cardiovascular responses to acute stress. Psychophysiology. 2016; 53(5):739-48. [DOI:10.1111/psyp.12617] [PMID] [PMCID]
Nakamoto H, Mori S. Sport-specific decision-making in a Go/NoGo reaction task: Difference among nonathletes and baseball and basketball players. Perceptual and Motor Skills. 2008; 106(1):163-70. [DOI:10.2466/pms.106.1.163-170] [PMID]
Collardeau M, Brisswalter J, Audiffren M. Effects of a prolonged run on simple reaction time of well trained runners. Perceptual and Motor Skills. 2001; 93(3):679-89. [DOI:10.2466/pms.2001.93.3.679] [PMID]
Norton K, Norton L, Lewis N. Effects of short-term physical activity interventions on simple and choice response times. BioMed Research International. 2016; 2016:5613767. [DOI:10.1155/2016/5613767] [PMID] [PMCID]
Andersen LL, Magnusson SP, Nielsen M, Haleem J, Poulsen K, Aagaard P. Neuromuscular activation in conventional therapeutic exercises and heavy resistance exercises: Implications for rehabilitation. Physical Therapy. 2006; 86(5):683-97. [DOI:10.1093/ptj/86.5.683] [PMID]
Hao X, Wang K, Li W, Yang W, Wei D, Qiu J, et al. Individual differences in brain structure and resting brain function underlie cognitive styles: Evidence from the embedded figures test. Plos One. 2013; 8(12):e78089. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0078089] [PMID] [PMCID]
Magallon S, Narbona J, Crespo-Eguílaz N. Acquisition of motor and cognitive skills through repetition in typically developing children. Plos One. 2016; 11(7):e0158684.[DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0158684] [PMID] [PMCID]
Nikam LH, Gadkari JV. Effect of age, gender and body mass index on visual and auditory reaction times in Indian population. Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 2012; 56(1):94-9. [Link]
Jain A, Bansal R, Kumar A, Singh KD. A comparative study of visual and auditory reaction times on the basis of gender and physical activity levels of medical first year students. International Journal of Applied and Basic Medical Research. 2015; 5(2):124-7. [DOI:10.4103/2229-516X.157168] [PMID] [PMCID]
Rauschecker JP. Auditory and visual cortex of primates: A comparison of two sensory systems. European Journal of Neuroscience. 2015; 41(5):579-85. [DOI:10.1111/ejn.12844] [PMID] [PMCID]
Balakrishnan G, Uppinakudru G, Girwar Singh G, Bangera S, Dutt Raghavendra A, Thangavel D. A comparative study on visual choice reaction time for different colors in females. Neurology Research International. 2014; 2014. [DOI:10.1155/2014/301473] [PMID] [PMCID]
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| Issue | Vol 17 No 2 (2023) | |
| Section | Research Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jmr.v17i2.12417 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Proprioception Reaction time Performance Huber Motor learning | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Mazbouh RK, Ziab H, Farhat I, Shadmehr A. Effect of Proprioceptive Training on Reaction Time: A Randomized Control Trial. jmr. 2023;17(2):188-198.
