Coping and Emotional Styles in Mothers of Children with Hearing Impairment
Abstract
Introduction: The unique long-term challenges that families of children with hearing impairment experience put them at greater risk for increasing parental stress levels. This study seeks whether children’s hearing impairment affects their mothers’ emotional and coping styles with stressful situations.
Materials and Methods: The coping inventory for stressful situations and the maternal emotional styles questionnaire were distributed among 108 mothers of hearing-impaired children and an equal number of mothers of normal children.
Results: In the task-oriented, distraction, and social diversion styles, the mean scores of the mothers of healthy children were significantly higher than those of the mothers of hearing-impaired children. Regarding the emotion-oriented style, the mean score of the mothers of hearing-impaired children was significantly higher than that of the mothers of healthy children. With regard to the emotional coaching style, the mean score of the mothers of healthy children was significantly higher than that of the mothers of hearing-impaired children. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in the mean score of emotional dismissing.
Conclusion: It seems that mothers of hearing-impaired children use less effective coping and emotional styles that have adverse consequences for mothers and their children’s development.
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3. Feher-Prout T. Stress and coping in families with deaf children. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education. 1996; 1(3):155-65. [PMID]
4. Pipp-Siegel S, Sedey AL, Yoshinaga-Itano C. Predictors of parental stress in mothers of young children with hearing loss. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education. 2002; 7(1):1-17. [DOI:10.1093/deafed/7.1.1] [PMID]
5. Kobosko J. Parenting a deaf child. How hearing parents cope with the stress of having deaf children. Journal of Hearing Science. 2011; 1(3):38-42. [DOI:10.17430/882157]
6. Ketelaar L, Wiefferink CH, Frijns JHM, Rieffe C. Children with cochlear implants and their parents: Relations between parenting style and children’s social-emotional functioning. Ear and Hearing. 2017; 38(3):321-31. [DOI:10.1097/AUD.0000000000000387] [PMID]
7. Calderon R. Parental involvement in deaf children’s education programs as a predictor of child’s language, early reading, and social-emotional development. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education. 2000; 5(2):140-55. [DOI:10.1093/deafed/5.2.140] [PMID]
8. Sandler IN, Wolchik SA, MacKinnon D, Ayers TS, Roosa MW. Developing linkages between theory and intervention in stress and coping processes. In: Wolchik SA, Sandler IN, editors. Handbook of children’s coping. Issues in clinical child psychology. Boston: Springer; 1997. [DOI:10.1007/978-1-4757-2677-0_1]
9. Avero P, Corace KM, Endler NS, Calvo MG. Coping styles and threat processing. Personality and Individual Differences. 2003; 35(4):843-61. [DOI:10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00287-8]
10. Rafnsson FD, Smari J, Windle M, Mears SA, Endler NS. Factor structure and psychometric characteristics of the Icelandic version of the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS). Personality and Individual Differences. 2006; 40(6):1247-58. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2005.11.011]
11. Cook SW, Heppner PP. A psychometric study of three coping measures. Educational and Psychological Measurement. 1997; 57(6):906-23. [DOI:10.1177/0013164497057006002]
12. Shokri O, Taghilou S, Geravand F, Paeizi M, Moulaei M, Abd Elahpour M, et al. [Factor structure and psychometric properties of the Farsi version of the coping inventory for stressful situations (Ciss) (Persian)]. Advances in Cognitive Science. 2008; 10(3):22-33. https://www.sid.ir/en/Journal/ViewPaper.aspx?ID=140377
13. Chen FM, Lin HS, Li CH. The role of emotion in parent-child relationships: Children’s emotionality, maternal meta-emotion, and children’s attachment security. Journal of Child and Family Studies. 2012; 21(3):403-10. [DOI:10.1007/s10826-011-9491-y]
14. Lagacé‐Séguin DG, Coplan RJ. Maternal emotional styles and child social adjustment: Assessment, correlates, outcomes and goodness of fit in early childhood. Social Development. 2005; 14(4):613-36. [DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2005.00320.x]
15. Salehi F, Raji P, Mahmoodian M, Dadgar H, Baghestani AR. Quality of life of mothers of children with autism spectrum disorders and its relationship with severity of disorder and child’s occupational performance. Journal of Modern Rehabilitation. 2017; 11(3):167-74. https://jmr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmr/article/view/99
16. Majorano M, Guerzoni L, Cuda D, Morelli M. Mothers’ emotional experiences related to their child’s diagnosis of deafness and cochlear implant surgery: Parenting stress and child’s language development. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 2020; 130:109812. [DOI:10.1016/j.ijporl.2019.109812] [PMID]
17. Katz LF, Maliken AC, Stettler NM. Parental meta‐emotion philosophy: A review of research and theoretical framework. Child Development Perspectives. 2012; 6(4):417-22. [DOI:10.1111/j.1750-8606.2012.00244.x]
18. Quittner AL, Cruz I, Barker DH, Tobey E, Eisenberg LS, Niparko JK. Effects of maternal sensitivity and cognitive and linguistic stimulation on cochlear implant users’ language development over four years. The Journal of Pediatrics. 2013; 162(2):343-8.e3. [DOI:10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.08.003] [PMID] [PMCID]
19. Pressman LJ, Pipp-Siegel S, Yoshinaga-Itano C, Kubicek L, Emde RN. A comparison of the links between emotional availability and language gain in young children with and without hearing loss. Volta Review. 1999; 100(5):251-77. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ611333
20. Pilarska A, Sekula A. Bidirectional dependency of developmental and social difficulties in hearing impaired children on the mother’s state anxiety. Journal of Child and Family Studies. 2019; 28(3):744-52. [DOI:10.1007/s10826-018-1300-4]
21. Park J, Yoon J. A phenomenological study of parenting stress among Korean mothers of deaf children. American Annals of The Deaf. 2018; 163(4):440-62. [DOI:10.1353/aad.2018.0028] [PMID]
22. Endler NS, Parker JD. Multidimensional assessment of coping: A critical evaluation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1990; 58(5):844-54. [DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.58.5.844]
23. Soleimani H, Bashash L. Factor structure, Validity and reliability of the Maternal Emotional Styles Questionnaire (MESQ). Knowledge & Research in Applied Psychology. 2012; 13(47):39-48. https://jsr-p.khuisf.ac.ir/article_533815_a7d132e7ef934b8a1447ca14696d40ad.pdf?lang=en
24. Powell T, Enright S. Anxiety and stress management. London: Routledge; 2015. [DOI:10.4324/9781315683867]
25. Smith MM, Saklofske DH, Keefer KV, Tremblay PF. Coping strategies and psychological outcomes: The moderating effects of personal resiliency. The Journal of Psychology. 2016; 150(3):318-32. [PMID]
26. Krzemien D, Monchietti A, Urquijo S. [Active coping and adaptation to aging in women from the city of Mar del Plata: A review of the self-distraction strategy (Spanish)]. Interdisciplinaria. 2005; 22(2):183-210. http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?pid=S1668-70272005000200004_abstract&tlng=pt
27. Endler N, Parker JDA. (No year specified.). Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS™) [Database record]. Washington, D.C.: WaAPA PsycTests. [DOI:10.1037/t13031-000]
28. Moos RH, Schaefer JA. Coping resources and processes: Current concepts and measures. In: Goldberger L, Breznitz S, editors. Handbook of stress: Theoretical and clinical aspects. New York: Free Press; 1993. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Handbook_of_Stress/5QARAQAAIAAJ?hl=en
29. Henderson D, Hendershott A. ASL and the family system. American Annals of the Deaf. 1991; 136(4):325-9. [DOI:10.1353/aad.2012.0546] [PMID]
30. Boss P, Bryant CM, Mancini JA. Family stress management: A contextual approach. New York: Sage Publications; 2017. [DOI:10.4135/9781506352206]
31. Jackson CW, Traub RJ, Turnbull AP. Parents’ experiences with childhood deafness: Implications for family-centered services. Communication Disorders Quarterly. 2008; 29(2):82-98. [DOI:10.1177/1525740108314865]
32. Endler NS, Parker JD. Assessment of multidimensional coping: Task, emotion, and avoidance strategies. Psychological Assessment. 1994; 6(1):50-60. [DOI:10.1037/1040-3590.6.1.50]
33. Parker JD, Endler NS. Coping with coping assessment: A critical review. European Journal of personality. 1992; 6(5):321-44. [DOI:10.1002/per.2410060502]
34. Head LS, Abbeduto L. Recognizing the role of parents in developmental outcomes: A systems approach to evaluating the child with developmental disabilities. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews. 2007; 13(4):293-301. [DOI:10.1002/mrdd.20169] [PMID]
35. Aggarwal A, Kohli A, Nagi O, Kumar A. Coping mechanism and its correlation with quality of life in upper limb post traumatic joint stiffness patients. Indian Journal of Orthopaedics. 2004; 38(3):170-4. http://profaniljain.com/pages/pdf2.pdf#page=34
36. Ellis BH, Alisic E. Maternal emotion coaching: A protective factor for traumatized children’s emotion regulation? Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma. 2013; 6(2):118-25. [DOI:10.1080/19361521.2013.755651]
37. Pressman L, Pipp-Siegel S, Yoshinaga-Itano C, Deas A. Maternal sensitivity predicts language gain in preschool children who are deaf and hard of hearing. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education. 1999; 4(4):294-304. [DOI:10.1093/deafed/4.4.294] [PMID]
38. Cohodes E, Hagan M, Lieberman A, Dimmler MH. Maternal meta-emotion philosophy and cognitive functioning in children exposed to violence. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma. 2016; 9(3):191-9. [DOI:10.1007/s40653-015-0072-x]
2. Jean YQ, Mazlan R, Ahmad M, Maamor N. Parenting stress and maternal coherence: Mothers with deaf or hard-of-hearing children. American Journal of Audiology. 2018; 27(3):260-71. [PMID]
3. Feher-Prout T. Stress and coping in families with deaf children. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education. 1996; 1(3):155-65. [PMID]
4. Pipp-Siegel S, Sedey AL, Yoshinaga-Itano C. Predictors of parental stress in mothers of young children with hearing loss. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education. 2002; 7(1):1-17. [DOI:10.1093/deafed/7.1.1] [PMID]
5. Kobosko J. Parenting a deaf child. How hearing parents cope with the stress of having deaf children. Journal of Hearing Science. 2011; 1(3):38-42. [DOI:10.17430/882157]
6. Ketelaar L, Wiefferink CH, Frijns JHM, Rieffe C. Children with cochlear implants and their parents: Relations between parenting style and children’s social-emotional functioning. Ear and Hearing. 2017; 38(3):321-31. [DOI:10.1097/AUD.0000000000000387] [PMID]
7. Calderon R. Parental involvement in deaf children’s education programs as a predictor of child’s language, early reading, and social-emotional development. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education. 2000; 5(2):140-55. [DOI:10.1093/deafed/5.2.140] [PMID]
8. Sandler IN, Wolchik SA, MacKinnon D, Ayers TS, Roosa MW. Developing linkages between theory and intervention in stress and coping processes. In: Wolchik SA, Sandler IN, editors. Handbook of children’s coping. Issues in clinical child psychology. Boston: Springer; 1997. [DOI:10.1007/978-1-4757-2677-0_1]
9. Avero P, Corace KM, Endler NS, Calvo MG. Coping styles and threat processing. Personality and Individual Differences. 2003; 35(4):843-61. [DOI:10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00287-8]
10. Rafnsson FD, Smari J, Windle M, Mears SA, Endler NS. Factor structure and psychometric characteristics of the Icelandic version of the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS). Personality and Individual Differences. 2006; 40(6):1247-58. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2005.11.011]
11. Cook SW, Heppner PP. A psychometric study of three coping measures. Educational and Psychological Measurement. 1997; 57(6):906-23. [DOI:10.1177/0013164497057006002]
12. Shokri O, Taghilou S, Geravand F, Paeizi M, Moulaei M, Abd Elahpour M, et al. [Factor structure and psychometric properties of the Farsi version of the coping inventory for stressful situations (Ciss) (Persian)]. Advances in Cognitive Science. 2008; 10(3):22-33. https://www.sid.ir/en/Journal/ViewPaper.aspx?ID=140377
13. Chen FM, Lin HS, Li CH. The role of emotion in parent-child relationships: Children’s emotionality, maternal meta-emotion, and children’s attachment security. Journal of Child and Family Studies. 2012; 21(3):403-10. [DOI:10.1007/s10826-011-9491-y]
14. Lagacé‐Séguin DG, Coplan RJ. Maternal emotional styles and child social adjustment: Assessment, correlates, outcomes and goodness of fit in early childhood. Social Development. 2005; 14(4):613-36. [DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2005.00320.x]
15. Salehi F, Raji P, Mahmoodian M, Dadgar H, Baghestani AR. Quality of life of mothers of children with autism spectrum disorders and its relationship with severity of disorder and child’s occupational performance. Journal of Modern Rehabilitation. 2017; 11(3):167-74. https://jmr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmr/article/view/99
16. Majorano M, Guerzoni L, Cuda D, Morelli M. Mothers’ emotional experiences related to their child’s diagnosis of deafness and cochlear implant surgery: Parenting stress and child’s language development. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 2020; 130:109812. [DOI:10.1016/j.ijporl.2019.109812] [PMID]
17. Katz LF, Maliken AC, Stettler NM. Parental meta‐emotion philosophy: A review of research and theoretical framework. Child Development Perspectives. 2012; 6(4):417-22. [DOI:10.1111/j.1750-8606.2012.00244.x]
18. Quittner AL, Cruz I, Barker DH, Tobey E, Eisenberg LS, Niparko JK. Effects of maternal sensitivity and cognitive and linguistic stimulation on cochlear implant users’ language development over four years. The Journal of Pediatrics. 2013; 162(2):343-8.e3. [DOI:10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.08.003] [PMID] [PMCID]
19. Pressman LJ, Pipp-Siegel S, Yoshinaga-Itano C, Kubicek L, Emde RN. A comparison of the links between emotional availability and language gain in young children with and without hearing loss. Volta Review. 1999; 100(5):251-77. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ611333
20. Pilarska A, Sekula A. Bidirectional dependency of developmental and social difficulties in hearing impaired children on the mother’s state anxiety. Journal of Child and Family Studies. 2019; 28(3):744-52. [DOI:10.1007/s10826-018-1300-4]
21. Park J, Yoon J. A phenomenological study of parenting stress among Korean mothers of deaf children. American Annals of The Deaf. 2018; 163(4):440-62. [DOI:10.1353/aad.2018.0028] [PMID]
22. Endler NS, Parker JD. Multidimensional assessment of coping: A critical evaluation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1990; 58(5):844-54. [DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.58.5.844]
23. Soleimani H, Bashash L. Factor structure, Validity and reliability of the Maternal Emotional Styles Questionnaire (MESQ). Knowledge & Research in Applied Psychology. 2012; 13(47):39-48. https://jsr-p.khuisf.ac.ir/article_533815_a7d132e7ef934b8a1447ca14696d40ad.pdf?lang=en
24. Powell T, Enright S. Anxiety and stress management. London: Routledge; 2015. [DOI:10.4324/9781315683867]
25. Smith MM, Saklofske DH, Keefer KV, Tremblay PF. Coping strategies and psychological outcomes: The moderating effects of personal resiliency. The Journal of Psychology. 2016; 150(3):318-32. [PMID]
26. Krzemien D, Monchietti A, Urquijo S. [Active coping and adaptation to aging in women from the city of Mar del Plata: A review of the self-distraction strategy (Spanish)]. Interdisciplinaria. 2005; 22(2):183-210. http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?pid=S1668-70272005000200004_abstract&tlng=pt
27. Endler N, Parker JDA. (No year specified.). Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS™) [Database record]. Washington, D.C.: WaAPA PsycTests. [DOI:10.1037/t13031-000]
28. Moos RH, Schaefer JA. Coping resources and processes: Current concepts and measures. In: Goldberger L, Breznitz S, editors. Handbook of stress: Theoretical and clinical aspects. New York: Free Press; 1993. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Handbook_of_Stress/5QARAQAAIAAJ?hl=en
29. Henderson D, Hendershott A. ASL and the family system. American Annals of the Deaf. 1991; 136(4):325-9. [DOI:10.1353/aad.2012.0546] [PMID]
30. Boss P, Bryant CM, Mancini JA. Family stress management: A contextual approach. New York: Sage Publications; 2017. [DOI:10.4135/9781506352206]
31. Jackson CW, Traub RJ, Turnbull AP. Parents’ experiences with childhood deafness: Implications for family-centered services. Communication Disorders Quarterly. 2008; 29(2):82-98. [DOI:10.1177/1525740108314865]
32. Endler NS, Parker JD. Assessment of multidimensional coping: Task, emotion, and avoidance strategies. Psychological Assessment. 1994; 6(1):50-60. [DOI:10.1037/1040-3590.6.1.50]
33. Parker JD, Endler NS. Coping with coping assessment: A critical review. European Journal of personality. 1992; 6(5):321-44. [DOI:10.1002/per.2410060502]
34. Head LS, Abbeduto L. Recognizing the role of parents in developmental outcomes: A systems approach to evaluating the child with developmental disabilities. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews. 2007; 13(4):293-301. [DOI:10.1002/mrdd.20169] [PMID]
35. Aggarwal A, Kohli A, Nagi O, Kumar A. Coping mechanism and its correlation with quality of life in upper limb post traumatic joint stiffness patients. Indian Journal of Orthopaedics. 2004; 38(3):170-4. http://profaniljain.com/pages/pdf2.pdf#page=34
36. Ellis BH, Alisic E. Maternal emotion coaching: A protective factor for traumatized children’s emotion regulation? Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma. 2013; 6(2):118-25. [DOI:10.1080/19361521.2013.755651]
37. Pressman L, Pipp-Siegel S, Yoshinaga-Itano C, Deas A. Maternal sensitivity predicts language gain in preschool children who are deaf and hard of hearing. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education. 1999; 4(4):294-304. [DOI:10.1093/deafed/4.4.294] [PMID]
38. Cohodes E, Hagan M, Lieberman A, Dimmler MH. Maternal meta-emotion philosophy and cognitive functioning in children exposed to violence. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma. 2016; 9(3):191-9. [DOI:10.1007/s40653-015-0072-x]
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 16 No 2 (2022) | |
| Section | Research Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jmr.v16i2.9303 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Coping Hearing impairment Coping inventory in stressful situations Maternal emotional styles questionnaire | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Safari Z, Khoramshahi H, Bassak Nejad S, Dastoorpoor M, Moradi N. Coping and Emotional Styles in Mothers of Children with Hearing Impairment. jmr. 2022;16(2):161-169.
