Research Article

Depression Associated With COVID-19 and its Impact on Physical Activities of Young Adults of Pakistan

Abstract

Introduction: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a cluster of acute respiratory illnesses with unknown etiology, which firstly appeared in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, in December 2019. All educational institutes of Pakistan were completely closed from March 13, 2020, to August 15, 2020. This condition disturbs the daily routines of children with mental health needs. This sudden closure limited their physical activities in their routine life. This study aims to observe the depression associated with COVID-19 and its impact on the physical activities of young adults of Pakistan.
Materials and Methods: A web-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 384 young adults. A modified depression scale was used to assess depression, and the revised physical activity questionnaire was used to evaluate the physical activity of Pakistani young adults in the past month.
Results: About 57.8% of the samples were sometimes sad; 44.5% sometimes felt grouchy in the mood; 43.8% never felt hopeless about the future. Also, 32.6% sometimes slept less or more than usual, 35.9% sometimes had difficulty concentrating on their work, 48.7% slept 6-8 hours per day. Besides, 49% engaged 1-3 hours in work or study per day; 43.2% watched TV, sat quietly, or listened to music for 1-3 hours. About 57.8% engaged less than 1 hour per week in light physical activities. Also, 77.9% engaged for less than 1 hour per week in moderately strenuous activities.
Conclusion: Depression could be highly associated with the COVID-19 outbreak, and it might affect the physical activities of young adults.

Zhu H, Wang Q, Zhang T, Liu X, Dai R, Wu P, et al. Facts and reflections on initial public health emergency response to SARS and COVID-19 pandemics in Mainland China: A retrospective comparative study [Internet]. 2020 [Updated 2020 July 21]. Available from: https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-40308/v1 [DOI:10.21203/rs.3.rs-40308/v1]

Saqlain M, Munir MM, Ahmed A, Tahir AH, Kamran S. Is Pakistan prepared to tackle the coronavirus epidemic? Drugs & Therapy Perspectives. 2020; 36(5):213-4. [DOI:10.1007/s40267-020-00721-1] [PMID] [PMCID]

World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Situation report, 72 [Internet]. 2020 [Updated 2020 April 1]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331685

Fazel M, Patel V, Thomas S, Tol W. Mental health interventions in schools in low-income and middle-income countries. The Lancet Psychiatry. 2014; 1(5):388-98. [DOI:10.1016/S2215-0366(14)70357-8]

Luetz JM, Dowden T, Norsworthy B, editors. Reimagining Christian education: Cultivating transformative approaches. Singapore: Springer; 2018. [DOI:10.1007/978-981-13-0851-2]

Schulte-Körne G. Mental health problems in a school setting in children and adolescents. Deutsches Ärzteblatt International. 2016; 113(11):183-90. [DOI:10.3238/arztebl.2016.0183] [PMID] [PMCID]

Mattioli AV, Sciomer S, Cocchi C, Maffei S, Gallina S. Quarantine during COVID-19 outbreak: Changes in diet and physical activity increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. Nutrition, Metabolism & Cardiovascular Diseases. 2020; 30(9):1409-17. [DOI:10.1016/j.numecd.2020.05.020] [PMID] [PMCID]

Kontoangelos K, Economou M, Papageorgiou Ch. Mental health effects of COVID-19 pandemia: A review of clinical and psychological traits. Psychiatry Investigation. 2020; 17(6):491-505. [DOI:10.30773/pi.2020.0161] [PMID] [PMCID]

Peng M, Mo B, Liu Y, Xu M, Song X, Liu L, et al. Prevalence, risk factors and clinical correlates of depression in quarantined population during the COVID-19 outbreak. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2020; 275:119-24. [DOI:10.1016/j.jad.2020.06.035] [PMID] [PMCID]

Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, Tan Y, Xu L, Ho CS, et al. Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(5):1729. [DOI:10.3390/ijerph17051729] [PMID] [PMCID]

Cao W, Fang Z, Hou G, Han M, Xu X, Dong J, et al. The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Research. 2020; 287:112934. [DOI:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934] [PMID] [PMCID]

Anderson RJ, Freedland KE, Clouse RE, Lustman PJ. The prevalence of comorbid depression in adults with diabetes: A meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2001; 24(6):1069-78. [DOI:10.2337/diacare.24.6.1069] [PMID]

Weyerer S, Kupfer B. Physical exercise and psychological health. Sports Medicine. 1994; 17(2):108-16. [DOI:10.2165/00007256-199417020-00003] [PMID]

Teychenne M, Ball K, Salmon J. Physical activity and likelihood of depression in adults: A review. Preventive Medicine. 2008; 46(5):397-411. [DOI:10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.01.009] [PMID]

Myers J, McAuley P, Lavie CJ, Despres JP, Arena R, Kokkinos P. Physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness as major markers of cardiovascular risk: Their independent and interwoven importance to health status. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases. 2015; 57(4):306-14. [DOI:10.1016/j.pcad.2014.09.011] [PMID]

Netz Y, Wu MJ, Becker BJ, Tenenbaum G. Physical activity and psychological well-being in advanced age: A meta-analysis of intervention studies. Psychology and Aging. 2005; 20(2):272-84. [DOI:10.1037/0882-7974.20.2.272] [PMID]

Ströhle A, Höfler M, Pfister H, Müller AG, Hoyer J, Wittchen HU, et al. Physical activity and prevalence and incidence of mental disorders in adolescents and young adults. Psychological Medicine. 2007; 37(11):1657-66. [DOI:10.1017/S003329170700089X] [PMID]

Thirlaway K, Benton D. Participation in physical activity and cardiovascular fitness have different effects on mental health and mood. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1992; 36(7):657-65. [DOI:10.1016/0022-3999(92)90055-7]

Morris M, Steinberg H, Sykes EA, Salmon P. Effects of temporary withdrawal from regular running. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1990; 34(5):493-500. [DOI:10.1016/0022-3999(90)90023-W]

Farmer ME, Locke BZ, Mościcki EK, Dannenberg AL, Larson DB, Radloff LS. Physical activity and depressive symptoms: The NHANES I epidemiologic follow-up study. American Journal of Epidemiology. 1988; 128(6):1340-51. [DOI:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115087] [PMID]

Motl RW, Birnbaum AS, Kubik MY, Dishman RK. Naturally occurring changes in physical activity are inversely related to depressive symptoms during early adolescence. Psychosomatic Medicine. 2004; 66(3):336-42. [DOI:10.1097/00006842-200405000-00008] [PMID]

Wright KA, Everson-Hock ES, Taylor AH. The effects of physical activity on physical and mental health among individuals with bipolar disorder: A systematic review. Mental Health and Physical Activity. 2009; 2(2):86-94. [DOI:10.1016/j.mhpa.2009.09.001]

Dunn EC, Johnson RM, Green JG. The Modified Depression Scale (MDS): A brief, no-cost assessment tool to estimate the level of depressive symptoms in students and schools. School Mental Health. 2012; 4(1):34-45. [DOI:10.1007/s12310-011-9066-5] [PMID] [PMCID]

Stanton R, To QG, Khalesi S, Williams SL, Alley SJ, Thwaite TL, et al. Depression, anxiety and stress during covid-19: associations with changes in physical activity, sleep, tobacco and alcohol use in Australian adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(11):4065. [DOI:10.3390/ijerph17114065] [PMID] [PMCID]

Aqeel M, Shuja KH, Abbas J, Rehna T, Ziapour A. The influence of illness perception, anxiety and depression disorders on students mental health during COVID-19 outbreak in Pakistan: A web-based cross-sectional survey [Internet]. 2020 [Updated 2020 June 1]. Available from: https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-30128/v1 [DOI:10.21203/rs.3.rs-30128/v1]

Files
IssueVol 15 No 4 (2021) QRcode
SectionResearch Article(s)
DOI https://doi.org/10.18502/jmr.v15i4.7745
Keywords
Depression COVID-19 Physical activity Young adults

Rights and permissions
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
1.
Samejo B, Bibi Noonari S, Memon S, Noor D. Depression Associated With COVID-19 and its Impact on Physical Activities of Young Adults of Pakistan. jmr. 2021;15(4):245-252.