Correlates of Screen Time in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review Study
,
Abstract
Introduction: The use of screen media by children and adolescents is increasing and has destructive effects on various development aspects. This study was done to determine the correlates of Screen Time (ST) in children and adolescents.
Materials and Methods: Published articles from January 2000 to September 2020 were searched through PubMed, PsycNet, Science Direct, Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Magiran, SID, and IranDoc databases were searched for Persian studies with no time limitation. The used keywords were correlates OR predictors + screen time, screen use, screen viewing, screen media, mobile use, cellphone use, TV/ television viewing, TV/ television use, TV/ television, computer use, video game, Media exposure, Media use, electronic media, digital media, digital devices, tablet use + adolescent, youth, infants, toddlers, preschoolers, and children. The literature search identified 51 studies that met the inclusion criteria.
Results: After reviewing the studies according to the PRISMA checklist, the correlates were Grouped in five categories: (i) child biological and demographic correlates, (ii) behavioral correlates, (iii) family biological and demographic correlates, (iv) family structure related correlates, and (v) socio-cultural and environmental correlates. The most common correlates found were age, sex, and Body Mass Index (BMI) of children, age and education of parents, socio-economic status, physical activity, quality of the neighborhood, parents’ ST, rules, and Digital Devices (DD) in the child/ adolescent’s bedroom.
Conclusion: The ST in children and adolescents is associated with several factors at intrapersonal, interpersonal, and social/ cultural levels. It is suggested that health promotion programs to reduce the use of these devices should be implemented with a comprehensive view of the individual, family, and society.
Oswald TK, Rumbold AR, Kedzior SGE, Moore VM. Psychological impacts of “screen time” and “green time” for children and adolescents: A systematic scoping review. PloS One. 2020; 15(9):e0237725. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0237725] [PMID] [PMCID]
Bilgrami Z, McLaughlin L, Milanaik R, Adesman A. Health implications of new-age technologies: A systematic review. Minerva Pediatrica. 2017; 69(4):348-67. [DOI:10.23736/S0026-4946.17.04937-4] [PMID]
de Moraes Ferrari GL, Pires C, Solé D, Matsudo V, Katzmarzyk PT, Fisberg M. Factors associated with objectively measured total sedentary time and screen time in children aged 9-11 years. Jornal de Pediatria. 2019; 95(1):94-105. [DOI:10.1016/j.jped.2017.12.003] [PMID]
Dalope KA, Woods LJ. Digital media use in families: Theories and strategies for intervention. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2018; 27(2):145-58. [DOI:10.1016/j.chc.2017.11.001] [PMID]
Bang F, Roberts KC, Chaput JP, Goldfield GS, Prince SA. Physical activity, screen time and sleep duration: Combined associations with psychosocial health among Canadian children and youth. Health Reports. 2020; 31(5):9-16. [DOI:10.25318/82-003-x202000500002-eng] [PMID]
Friel CP, Duran AT, Shechter A, Diaz KM. U.S. Children meeting physical activity, screen time, and sleep guidelines. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2020; 59(4):513-21. [DOI:10.1016/j.amepre.2020.05.007] [PMID]
Jensen ML, Carpentier FD, Corvalán C, Popkin BM, Evenson K, Adair L, et al. Screen time and eating during screen time: Associations with dietary intake in children and adolescents [Internet]. 2020 [Updated 2020 January 20]. Available from: https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11946/v1 [DOI:10.21203/rs.2.21352/v1]
Stiglic N, Viner RM. Effects of screentime on the health and well-being of children and adolescents: A systematic review of reviews. BMJ Open. 2019; 9(1):e023191. [DOI:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023191] [PMID] [PMCID]
Guerrero MD, Barnes JD, Chaput JP, Tremblay MS. Screen time and problem behaviors in children: Exploring the mediating role of sleep duration. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 2019; 16:105. [DOI:10.1186/s12966-019-0862-x] [PMID] [PMCID]
Zhu R, Fang H, Chen M, Hu X, Cao Y, Yang F, et al. Screen time and sleep disorder in preschool children: Identifying the safe threshold in a digital world. Public Health. 2020; 186:204-10. [DOI:10.1016/j.puhe.2020.07.028] [PMID]
Cabré-Riera A, Torrent M, Donaire-Gonzalez D, Vrijheid M, Cardis E, Guxens M. Telecommunication devices use, screen time and sleep in adolescents. Environmental Research. 2019; 171:341-7. [DOI:10.1016/j.envres.2018.10.036] [PMID]
Keikha M, Qorbani M, Kazemi Tabaee MS, Djalalinia Sh, Kelishadi R. Screen time activities and aggressive behaviors among children and adolescents: A systematic review. International Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2020; 11(1):59. [DOI:10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_71_20] [PMID] [PMCID]
Wolf C, Wolf S, Weiss M, Nino G. Children’s environmental health in the digital era: Understanding early screen exposure as a preventable risk factor for obesity and sleep disorders. Children. 2018; 5(2):31. [DOI:10.3390/children5020031] [PMID] [PMCID]
Huber B, Yeates M, Meyer D, Fleckhammer L, Kaufman J. The effects of screen media content on young children’s executive functioning. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. 2018; 170:72-85. [DOI:10.1016/j.jecp.2018.01.006] [PMID]
Fitzpatrick C, Oghia MJ, Melki J, Pagani LS. Early childhood exposure to media violence: What parents and policymakers ought to know. South African Journal of Childhood Education. 2016; 6(1):a431. [DOI:10.4102/sajce.v6i1.431]
Beyens I, Valkenburg PM, Piotrowski JT. Screen media use and ADHD-related behaviors: Four decades of research. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2018; 115(40):9875-81. [DOI:10.1073/pnas.1611611114] [PMID] [PMCID]
Carson V, Hunter S, Kuzik N, Gray CE, Poitras VJ, Chaput JP, et al. Systematic review of sedentary behaviour and health indicators in school-aged children and youth: An update. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism. 2016; 41(6 Suppl 3):S240-65. [DOI:10.1139/apnm-2015-0630] [PMID]
Lissak G. Adverse physiological and psychological effects of screen time on children and adolescents: Literature review and case study. Environmental Research. 2018; 164:149-57. [DOI:10.1016/j.envres.2018.01.015] [PMID]
Gebremariam MK, Henjum S, Terragni L, Torheim LE. Correlates of screen time and mediators of differences by parental education among adolescents. BMC Pediatrics. 2020; 20:279. [DOI:10.1186/s12887-020-02181-y] [PMID] [PMCID]
Hirsh-Yechezkel G, Mandelzweig L, Novikov I, Bar-Yosef N, Livneh I, Oren M, et al. Mobile phone-use habits among adolescents: Predictors of intensive use. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking. 2019; 22(3):212-9. [DOI:10.1089/cyber.2018.0177] [PMID]
Júdice PB, Magalhães JP, Rosa G, Henriques-Neto D, Hetherington-Rauth M, Sardinha LB. Sensor-based physical activity, sedentary time, and reported cell phone screen time: A hierarchy of correlates in youth. Journal of Sport and Health Science. 2021; 10(1):55-64. [DOI:10.1016/j.jshs.2020.03.003] [PMID] [PMCID]
Downing KL, Salmon J, Timperio A, Hinkley T, Cliff DP, Okely AD, et al. Sitting and screen time outside school hours: Correlates in 6- to 8-year-old children. Journal of Physical Activity and Health. 2019; 16(9):752-64. [DOI:10.1123/jpah.2018-0495] [PMID]
Jusienė R, Urbonas V, Laurinaitytė I, Rakickienė L, Breidokienė R, Kuzminskaitė M, et al. Screen use during meals among young children: Exploration of associated variables. Medicina. 2019; 55(10):688. [DOI:10.3390/medicina55100688] [PMID] [PMCID]
Guedes DP, Desiderá RA, Gonçalves HR. Prevalence of excessive screen time and correlates factors in Brazilian schoolchildren. Revista Brasileira de Atividade Física & Saúde. 2018; 23:1-10. [DOI:10.12820/rbafs.23e0003]
Owen N, Sugiyama T, Eakin EE, Gardiner PA, Tremblay MS, Sallis JF. Adults’ sedentary behavior: Determinants and interventions. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2011; 41(2):189-96. [DOI:10.1016/j.amepre.2011.05.013] [PMID]
Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, The PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS Medicine. 2009; 6(7):e1000097. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097] [PMID] [PMCID]
Downs SH, Black N. The feasibility of creating a checklist for the assessment of the methodological quality both of randomised and non-randomised studies of health care interventions. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health. 1998; 52(6):377-84. [DOI:10.1136/jech.52.6.377] [PMID] [PMCID]
Cillero IH, Jago R. Systematic review of correlates of screen-viewing among young children. Preventive Medicine. 2010; 51(1):3-10. [DOI:10.1016/j.ypmed.2010.04.012] [PMID]
De Decker E, De Craemer M, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Wijndaele K, Duvinage K, Koletzko B, et al. Influencing factors of screen time in preschool children: An exploration of parents’ perceptions through focus Groups in six European countries. Obesity Reviews. 2012; 13(s1):75-84. [DOI:10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.00961.x] [PMID]
Schaan CW, Cureau FV, Bloch KV, de Carvalho KMB, Ekelund U, Schaan BD. Prevalence and correlates of screen time among Brazilian adolescents: Findings from a country-wide survey. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism. 2018; 43(7):684-90. [DOI:10.1139/apnm-2017-0630] [PMID]
Carson V, Kuzik N. Demographic correlates of screen time and objectively measured sedentary time and physical activity among toddlers: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2017; 17:187. [DOI:10.1186/s12889-017-4125-y] [PMID] [PMCID]
Sisson SB, Broyles ST. Social-ecological correlates of excessive TV viewing: Difference by race and sex. Journal of Physical Activity and Health. 2012; 9(3):449-55. [DOI:10.1123/jpah.9.3.449] [PMID]
Aydin D, Feychting M, Schüz J, Andersen TV, Poulsen AH, Prochazka M, et al. Predictors and overestimation of recalled mobile phone use among children and adolescents. Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology. 2011; 107(3):356-61. [DOI:10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2011.08.013] [PMID]
Wang H, Zhong J, Hu R, Fiona B, Yu M, Du H. Prevalence of high screen time and associated factors among students: A cross-sectional study in Zhejiang, China. BMJ Open. 2018; 8(6):e021493. [DOI:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-021493] [PMID] [PMCID]
Allahverdipour H, Bazargan M, Farhadinasab A, Moeini B. Correlates of video games playing among adolescents in an Islamic country. BMC Public Health. 2010; 10:286. [DOI:10.1186/1471-2458-10-286] [PMID] [PMCID]
Lee EY, Hunter S, Leatherdale ST, Carson V. Sociodemographic correlates of physical activity and screen time among adolescents in Canada and Guatemala: Results from the COMPASS system. Global Health Promotion. 2019; 26(2):25-35. [DOI:10.1177/1757975917710804] [PMID]
Babey SH, Hastert TA, Wolstein J. Adolescent sedentary behaviors: Correlates differ for television viewing and computer use. Journal of Adolescent Health. 2013; 52(1):70-6. [DOI:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.05.001] [PMID] [PMCID]
Mozafarian N, Motlagh ME, Heshmat R, Karimi S, Mansourian M, Mohebpour F, et al. Factors associated with screen time in Iranian children and adolescents: The CASPIAN-IV study. International Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2017; 8(1):31. [DOI:10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_36_17] [PMID] [PMCID]
Özmert E, Toyran M, Yurdakök K. Behavioral correlates of television viewing in primary school children evaluated by the child behavior checklist. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 2002; 156(9):910-4. [DOI:10.1001/archpedi.156.9.910] [PMID]
de Lucena JMS, Cheng LA, Cavalcante TLM, da Silva VA, de Farias Júnior JC. Prevalence of excessive screen time and associated factors in adolescents. Revista Paulista de Pediatria. 2015; 33(4):407-14. [DOI:10.1016/j.rppede.2015.08.014]
Kourlaba G, Kondaki K, Liarigkovinos T, Manios Y. Factors associated with television viewing time in toddlers and preschoolers in Greece: The GENESIS study. Journal of Public Health. 2009; 31(2):222-30. [DOI:10.1093/pubmed/fdp011] [PMID]
Cillero IH, Jago R, Sebire S. Individual and social predictors of screen-viewing among Spanish school children. European Journal of Pediatrics. 2011; 170(1):93-102. [DOI:10.1007/s00431-010-1276-6] [PMID]
Anand S, Krosnick JA. Demographic predictors of media use among infants, toddlers, and preschoolers. American Behavioral Scientist. 2005; 48(5):539-61. [DOI:10.1177/0002764204271512]
Bickham DS, Vandewater EA, Huston AC, Lee JH, Caplovitz AG, Wright JC. Predictors of children’s electronic media use: An examination of three ethnic Groups. Media Psychology. 2003; 5(2):107-37. [DOI:10.1207/S1532785XMEP0502_1]
Lauricella AR, Wartella E, Rideout VJ. Young children’s screen time: The complex role of parent and child factors. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology. 2015; 36:11-7. [DOI:10.1016/j.appdev.2014.12.001]
Vaala SE, Hornik RC. Predicting US infants’ and toddlers’ TV/video viewing rates: Mothers’ cognitions and structural life circumstances. Journal of Children and Media. 2014; 8(2):163-82. [DOI:10.1080/17482798.2013.824494] [PMID] [PMCID]
Munaro HLR, Silva DAS, Da Silva Lopes A. [Prevalence of excessive screen time and associated factors in a school from a city in the Northeast of Brazil (English-Portuguese)]. Journal of Human Growth and Development. 2016; 26(3):360-7. [DOI:10.7322/jhgd.122821]
Ye S, Chen L, Wang Q, Li Q. Correlates of screen time among 8-19-year-old students in China. BMC Public Health. 2018; 18:467. [DOI:10.1186/s12889-018-5355-3] [PMID] [PMCID]
Yamada M, Sekine M, Tatsuse T. Parental internet use and lifestyle factors as correlates of prolonged screen time of children in Japan: Results from the super Shokuiku school project. Journal of Epidemiology. 2018; 28(10):407-13. [DOI:10.2188/jea.JE20170100] [PMID] [PMCID]
LeBlanc AG, Katzmarzyk PT, Barreira TV, Broyles ST, Chaput JP, Church TS, et al. Correlates of total sedentary time and screen time in 9-11 year-old children around the world: The international study of childhood obesity, lifestyle and the environment. PloS One. 2015; 10(6):e0129622. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0129622] [PMID] [PMCID]
Granich J, Rosenberg M, Knuiman MW, Timperio A. Individual, social, and physical environment factors associated with electronic media use among children: Sedentary behavior at home. Journal of Physical Activity and Health. 2011; 8(5):613-25. [DOI:10.1123/jpah.8.5.613] [PMID]
Ham OK, Sung KM, Kim HK. Factors associated with screen time among school-age children in Korea. The Journal of School Nursing. 2013; 29(6):425-34. [DOI:10.1177/1059840513486483] [PMID]
Hume C, van der Horst K, Brug J, Salmon J, Oenema A. Understanding the correlates of adolescents’ TV viewing: A social ecological approach. International Journal of Pediatric Obesity. 2010; 5(2):161-8. [DOI:10.3109/17477160903242550] [PMID]
Shokrvash B, Majlessi F, Montazeri A, Nedjat S, Rahimi Foroushani A, Djazayery A, et al. [Predictors of TV viewing, computer and video game playing among Iranian adolescents (Persian)]. Payesh. 2013; 12(6):691-702. http://payeshjournal.ir/article-1-343-en.html
Downing KL, Hinkley T, Salmon J, Hnatiuk JA, Hesketh KD. Do the correlates of screen time and sedentary time differ in preschool children? BMC Public Health. 2017; 17:285. [DOI:10.1186/s12889-017-4195-x] [PMID] [PMCID]
Allen MS, Vella SA. Are the correlates of sport participation similar to those of screen time? Preventive Medicine Reports. 2015; 2:114-7. [DOI:10.1016/j.pmedr.2015.02.002] [PMID] [PMCID]
Bernard JY, Padmapriya N, Chen B, Cai Sh, Tan KH, Yap F, et al. Predictors of screen viewing time in young Singaporean children: The GUSTO cohort. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 2017; 14:112. [DOI:10.1186/s12966-017-0562-3] [PMID] [PMCID]
Garcia JM, Healy S, Rice D. The individual, social, and environmental correlates of physical activity and screen time in Irish children: Growing up in Ireland study. Journal of Physical Activity and Health. 2016; 13(12):1285-93. [DOI:10.1123/jpah.2015-0659] [PMID]
Matarma T, Koski P, Löyttyniemi E, Lagström H. The factors associated with toddlers’ screen time change in the STEPS study: A two-year follow-up. Preventive Medicine. 2016; 84:27-33. [DOI:10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.12.014] [PMID]
Hoyos Cillero I, Jago R. Sociodemographic and home environment predictors of screen viewing among Spanish school children. Journal of Public Health. 2011; 33(3):392-402. [DOI:10.1093/pubmed/fdq087] [PMID] [PMCID]
Certain LK, Kahn RS. Prevalence, correlates, and trajectory of television viewing among infants and toddlers. Pediatrics. 2002; 109(4):634-42. [DOI:10.1542/peds.109.4.634] [PMID]
Inyang I, Benke G, Dimitriadis Ch, Simpson P, McKenzie R, Abramson M. Predictors of mobile telephone use and exposure analysis in Australian adolescents. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 2010; 46(5):226-33. [DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1754.2009.01675.x] [PMID]
Pearson N, Biddle SJH, Griffiths P, Johnston JP, Haycraft E. Clustering and correlates of screen-time and eating behaviours among young children. BMC Public Health. 2018; 18:753. [DOI:10.1186/s12889-018-5698-9] [PMID] [PMCID]
Ngantcha M, Janssen E, Godeau E, Ehlinger V, Le-Nezet O, Beck F, et al. Revisiting factors associated with screen time media use: A structural study among school-aged adolescents. Journal of Physical Activity and Health. 2018; 15(6):448-56. [DOI:10.1123/jpah.2017-0272] [PMID]
Birken CS, Maguire J, Mekky M, Manlhiot C, Beck CE, Jacobson Sh, et al. Parental factors associated with screen time in pre-school children in primary-care practice: A TARGet Kids! study. Public Health Nutrition. 2011; 14(12):2134-8. [DOI:10.1017/S1368980011000516] [PMID]
Verloigne M, Van Lippevelde W, Bere E, Manios Y, Kovács É, Grillenberger M, et al. Individual and family environmental correlates of television and computer time in 10- to 12-year-old European children: The ENERGY-project. BMC Public Health. 2015; 15:912. [DOI:10.1186/s12889-015-2276-2] [PMID] [PMCID]
Bounova A, Michalopoulou M, Agelousis N, Kourtessis T, Gourgoulis V. Home and neighborhood environment predictors of adolescents’ screen viewing. Journal of Physical Activity and Health. 2016; 13(12):1310-6. [DOI:10.1123/jpah.2015-0508] [PMID]
Pearson N, Griffiths P, Biddle SJH, Johnston JP, McGeorge S, Haycraft E. Clustering and correlates of screen-time and eating behaviours among young adolescents. BMC Public Health. 2017; 17:533. [DOI:10.1186/s12889-017-4441-2] [PMID] [PMCID]
Bauer KW, Neumark-Sztainer D, Fulkerson JA, Hannan PJ, Story M. Familial correlates of adolescent girls’ physical activity, television use, dietary intake, weight, and body composition. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 2011; 8:25. [DOI:10.1186/1479-5868-8-25] [PMID] [PMCID]
Trofholz AC, Telke S, Loth K, Tate A, Berge JM. Examining predictors of watching television during family meals in a diverse sample. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior. 2019; 51(9):1113-20. [DOI:10.1016/j.jneb.2019.05.598] [PMID]
Lampard AM, Jurkowski JM, Davison KK. Social-cognitive predictors of low-income parents’ restriction of screen time among preschool-aged children. Health Education & Behavior. 2013; 40(5):526-30. [DOI:10.1177/1090198112467800] [PMID] [PMCID]
Duch H, Fisher EM, Ensari I, Harrington A. Screen time use in children under 3 years old: A systematic review of correlates. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 2013; 10:102. [DOI:10.1186/1479-5868-10-102] [PMID] [PMCID]
Paudel S, Jancey J, Subedi N, Leavy J. Correlates of mobile screen media use among children aged 0-8: A systematic review. BMJ Open. 2017; 7(10):e014585. [DOI:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014585] [PMID] [PMCID]
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 15 No 4 (2021) | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jmr.v15i4.7740 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Screen time Predictors Correlates Television Video game Children Adolescent Digital device | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
