Assessing an Eliciting Narrative Tool Used for Studying the Development of Persian-speaking Children’s Narrative Discourse Skills
,
Abstract
Introduction: Developing children’s skills in producing oral narratives can reflect their linguistic and cognitive abilities. However, to evaluate these abilities appropriately, it is necessary to find and apply an efficient narrative assessment tool. This study primarily aimed to assess the reliability and validity of a picture story, as a narrative eliciting tool, based on Persian-speaking children’s narratives. This assessment is going to be done at the microstructure and macrostructure levels. Furthermore, to evaluate the power of the assessment tool, we explored the effect of age and gender variables on using different narrative elements at the microstructure and macrostructure levels.
Materials and Methods: We used a picture story, “Frog, where are you?” to elicit oral narratives in 48 subjects, including 7-, 9-, and 11-year-old boys and girls. The reliability and validity of the tool were respectively assessed by test-retest and factor analysis.
Results: The findings indicated a significantly high correlation between the evaluated features based on test-retest. Besides, factor analysis revealed four categories: sentence structures, references, conjunctions, measures of story length. They were valid indicators for assessing Persian-speaking children’s narratives. The results also showed a statistically significant difference among different age groups, but an insignificant effect of gender on using discursive features in the tales.
Conclusion: The picture story “Frog, where are you?” can be used as a reliable and valid narrative eliciting tool for Persian data at the microstructure and macrostructure levels. Also, the age factor, but not the gender one, affects the stories recited by Persian children.
Boudreau DM. Narrative abilities in children with language impairments. In: Paul R, editor. New Directions in Communication Disorders Research: Integrative Approaches. Language Disorders from a Developmental Perspective: Essays in Honor of Robin S. Chapman. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers; 2007. p. 331-56. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2006-20176-013
Levinsohn SH. Self-instruction materials on narrative discourse analysis. Dallas, TX: SIL International; 2015. https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/68643
Rumelhart DE. Notes on a schema for stories. In: Bobrow DG, Collins A, editors. Representation and Understanding: Studies in Cognitive Science. New York: Academic Press; 1975. p. 211-36. https://books.google.com/books?id=Pd9OAAAAMAAJ&dq
Kibrik A. Reference in discourse. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2011. [DOI:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199215805.001.0001] [PMID]
Botting N, Faragher B, Simkin Z, Knox E, Conti-Ramsden G. Predicting pathways of specific language impairment: What differentiates good and poor outcome? The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines. 2001; 42(8):1013-20. [DOI:10.1111/1469-7610.00799] [PMID]
Cleave PL, Girolametto LE, Chen X, Johnson CJ. Narrative abilities in monolingual and dual language learning children with specific language impairment. Journal of Communication Disorders. 2010; 43(6):511-22. [DOI:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2010.05.005] [PMID]
Fey ME, Catts HW, Proctor Williams K, Tomblin JB, Zhang X. Oral and written story composition skills of children with language impairment. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 2004; 47(6):1301-18. [DOI:10.1044/1092-4388(2004/098)]
Gorman BK, Bingham GE, Fiestas CE, Terry NP. Assessing the narrative abilities of Spanish-speaking preschool children: A Spanish adaptation of the narrative assessment protocol. Early Childhood Research Quarterly. 2016; 36:307-17. [DOI:10.1016/j.ecresq.2015.12.025]
Jones C, Toscano E, Botting N, Marshall CR, Atkinson JR, Denmark T, et al. Narrative skills in deaf children who use spoken English: Dissociations between macro and microstructural devices. Research in Developmental Disabilities. 2016; 59:268-82. [DOI:10.1016/j.ridd.2016.09.010] [PMID]
Norbury CF, Bishop DV. Narrative skills of children with communication impairments. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders. 2003; 38(3):287-313. [DOI:10.1080/136820310000108133] [PMID]
Paris AH, Paris SG. Assessing narrative comprehension in young children. Reading Research Quarterly. 2003; 38(1):36-76. [DOI:10.1598/RRQ.38.1.3]
Reese E, Sparks A, Suggate S. Assessing children’s narratives. In: Hoff E, editor. Research Methods in Child Language: A Practical Guide. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell; 2012. p. 133-48. [DOI:10.1002/9781444344035.ch9]
Reilly J, Losh M, Bellugi U, Wulfeck B. “Frog, where are you?” Narratives in children with specific language impairment, early focal brain injury, and Williams syndrome. Brain and Language. 2004; 88(2):229-47. [DOI:10.1016/S0093-934X(03)00101-9]
Justice LM, Bowles RP, Kaderavek JN, Ukrainetz TA, Eisenberg SL, Gillam RB. The index of narrative microstructure: A clinical tool for analyzing school-age children’s narrative performances. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology. 2006; 15(2):177-91. [DOI:10.1044/1058-0360(2006/017)]
Hickmann M. Children’s discourse: Person, space and time across languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2004. https://books.google.com/books?id=kowdw72y4HsC&dq
Justice LM, Bowles R, Pence K, Gosse C. A scalable tool for assessing children’s language abilities within a narrative context: The NAP (Narrative Assessment Protocol). Early Childhood Research Quarterly. 2010; 25(2):218-34. [DOI:10.1016/j.ecresq.2009.11.002]
Liles BZ. Production and comprehension of narrative discourse in normal and language disordered children. Journal of Communication Disorders. 1985; 18(6):409-27. [DOI:10.1016/0021-9924(85)90030-9]
Paul R, Norbury C. Language disorders from infancy through adolescence: Listening, speaking, reading, writing, and communicating. 4th ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 2012. https://books.google.com/books?id=maGQtryS8xcC&dq
Pinto G, Tarchi C, Bigozzi L. Development in narrative competences from oral to written stories in five-to seven-year-old children. Early Childhood Research Quarterly. 2016; 36:1-10. [DOI:10.1016/j.ecresq.2015.12.001]
Carroll DW. Psychology of language. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth; 2008. https://books.google.com/books?id=qaatrAHKPRAC&dq
Berman RA. Narrative competence and storytelling performance: How children tell stories in different contexts. Journal of Narrative and Life History. 1995; 5(4):285-313. [DOI:10.1075/jnlh.5.4.01nar]
Trabasso T, van den Broek P. Causal thinking and the representation of narrative events. Journal of Memory and Language. 1985; 24(5):612-30. [DOI:10.1016/0749-596X(85)90049-X]
Heilmann J, Miller JF, Nockerts A, Dunaway C. Properties of the narrative scoring scheme using narrative retells in young school-age children. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology. 2010; 19(2):154-66. [DOI:10.1044/1058-0360(2009/08-0024)]
Stein NL, Glenn CG. An analysis of story comprehension in elementary school children. In: Freedle RO, editor. New Directions in Discourse Processing. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing Corporation; 1979. p. 53-120. https://books.google.com/books?id=mowoAAAAYAAJ&dq
Stein NL. What’s in a story: Interpreting the interpretations of story grammars. Discourse Processes. 1982; 5(3-4):319-35. [DOI:10.1080/01638538209544548]
Trabasso T, Stein NL. Using goal-plan knowledge to merge the past with the present and the future in narrating events on line. In: Haith MM, Benson JB, Roberts Jr RJ, Pennington BF, editors. The Development of Future-Oriented Processes. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press; 1994. p. 323-49. https://books.google.com/books?id=tWr-RDU9hWgC&dq
Berman RA, Slobin DI. Relating events in narrative: A crosslinguistic developmental study. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1994. https://books.google.com/books?id=lWJhuwEACAAJ&dq
Liles BZ, Duffy RJ, Merritt DD, Purcell SL. Measurement of narrative discourse ability in children with language disorders. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 1995; 38(2):415-25. [DOI:10.1044/jshr.3802.415] [PMID]
Faulkner D, Coates E. Exploring children’s creative narratives: Some theoretical, methodological and applied perspectives. In: Faulkner D, Coates E, editors. Exploring Children’s Creative Narratives. Abingdon: Routledge; 2011. p. 1-10. https://books.google.com/books?id=khDXpyGxMWkC&dq
Westby CE. Assessing and remediating text comprehension problems. In: Catts HW, Kamhi AG, editors. Language and Reading Disabilities. London/Boston, MA: Pearson/Allyn and Bacon; 2005. p. 157-232. https://books.google.com/books?id=XwxKAAAAYAAJ&dq
Trabasso T, Nickels M. The development of goal plans of action in the narration of a picture story. Discourse Processes. 1992; 15(3):249-75. [DOI:10.1080/01638539209544812]
Dabir-Moghaddam M. [Theoretical linguistics: Emergence and development of the generative grammar (Persian)]. 4th ed. Tehran: SAMT; 2010. http://opac.nlai.ir/opac-prod/bibliographic/1791627
Hughes DL, McGillivray L, Schmidek M. Guide to narrative language: Procedures for assessment. Eau Claire, WI: Thinking Publications; 1997. https://books.google.com/books?id=QNINAAAACAAJ&dq
Heilmann J, DeBrock L, Chris Riley-Tillman T. Stability of measures from children’s interviews: The effects of time, sample length, and topic. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology. 2013; 22(3):463-75. [DOI:10.1044/1058-0360(2012/11-0035)]
Kaplan RM, Saccuzzo DP. Psychological testing: Principles, applications, and issues. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning; 2013. https://books.google.com/books?id=Bn8yZXdPM1wC&vq
Pankratz ME, Plante E, Vance R, Insalaco DM. The diagnostic and predictive validity of the renfrew bus story. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools. 2007; 38(4):390-9. [DOI:10.1044/0161-1461(2007/040)]
Patten ML, Newhart M. Understanding research methods: An overview of the essentials. New York: Routledge; 2018. https://books.google.com/books?id=YAoqDwAAQBAJ&dq
Price JR, Roberts JE, Jackson SC. Structural development of the fictional narratives of African American preschoolers. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools. 2006; 37(3):178-90. [DOI:10.1044/0161-1461(2006/020)]
Mäkinen L, Loukusa S, Nieminen L, Leinonen E, Kunnari S. The development of narrative productivity, syntactic complexity, referential cohesion and event content in four-to eight-year-old Finnish children. First Language. 2014; 34(1):24-42. [DOI:10.1177/0142723713511000]
Westerveld MF, Moran CA. Spoken expository discourse of children and adolescents: Retelling versus generation. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics. 2013; 27(9):720-34. [DOI:10.3109/02699206.2013.802016] [PMID]
Halpern DF. Sex differences in cognitive abilities. Psychology Press; 2013. [DOI:10.4324/9780203816530]
Hyde JS, Linn MC. Gender differences in verbal ability: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin. 1988; 104(1):53-69. [DOI:10.1037/0033-2909.104.1.53]
Pezzuti L, Orsini A. Are there sex differences in the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for children-forth edition? Learning and Individual Differences. 2016; 45:307-12. [DOI:10.1016/j.lindif.2015.12.024]
Lynch JS, van den Broek P, Kremer KE, Kendeou P, White MJ, Lorch EP. The development of narrative comprehension and its relation to other early reading skills. Reading Psychology. 2008; 29(4):327-65. [DOI:10.1080/02702710802165416]
Toivainen T, Papageorgiou KA, Tosto MG, Kovas Y. Sex differences in non-verbal and verbal abilities in childhood and adolescence. Intelligence. 2017; 64:81-8. [DOI:10.1016/j.intell.2017.07.007]
Soleymani Z, Nematzadeh Sh, Gholami Tehrani L, Rahgozar M, Schneider P. Language sample analysis: Development of a valid language assessment tool and determining the reliability of outcome measures for Farsi-speaking children. European Journal of Developmental Psychology. 2016; 13(2):275-91. [DOI:10.1080/17405629.2016.1152175]
Mayer M. Frog, where are you? New York: Dial Press; 1969. https://books.google.com/books?id=8hrhAAAAMAAJ&dq
Schneider P, Hayward D, Dubé RV. Storytelling from pictures using the Edmonton narrative norms instrument. Journal of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology. 2006; 30(4):224-38. http://www.rehabresearch.ualberta.ca/enni/sites/default/files/schneider_article.pdf
Qasemi M, Nakhshab M, Alineghad B, Shafiei M, Tazhibi M. [Description of particular language structures in normal 4-year-olds’ narrations and their sex-related differences according to Narrative Assessment Protocol (NAP) (Persian)]. Research in Rehabilitation Sciences. 2012; 8(4):704-18. http://jrrs.mui.ac.ir/index.php/jrrs/article/view/427
Owens RE. Language development: An introduction. London: Pearson; 2012. https://books.google.com/books?id=JmKVuAAACAAJ&dq
Serratrice L. Referential cohesion in the narratives of bilingual English-Italian children and monolingual peers. Journal of Pragmatics. 2007; 39(6):1058-87. [DOI:10.1016/j.pragma.2006.10.001]
Botting N. Narrative as a tool for the assessment of linguistic and pragmatic impairments. Child Language Teaching and Therapy. 2002; 18(1):1-21. [DOI:10.1191/0265659002ct224oa]
Duinmeijer I, Jong JD, Scheper A. Narrative abilities, memory and attention in children with a specific language impairment. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders. 2012; 47(5):542-55. [DOI:10.1111/j.1460-6984.2012.00164.x] [PMID]
Kang JY. On the ability to tell good stories in another language: Analysis of Korean EFL learners’ oral “Frog story” narratives. Narrative Inquiry. 2003; 13(1):127-49. [DOI:10.1075/ni.13.1.05kan]
McCabe A, Rollins PR. Assessment of preschool narrative skills. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology. 1994; 3(1):45-56. [DOI:10.1044/1058-0360.0301.45]
Levinsohn SH. Self-instruction materials on narrative discourse analysis. Dallas, TX: SIL International; 2015. https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/68643
Rumelhart DE. Notes on a schema for stories. In: Bobrow DG, Collins A, editors. Representation and Understanding: Studies in Cognitive Science. New York: Academic Press; 1975. p. 211-36. https://books.google.com/books?id=Pd9OAAAAMAAJ&dq
Kibrik A. Reference in discourse. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2011. [DOI:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199215805.001.0001] [PMID]
Botting N, Faragher B, Simkin Z, Knox E, Conti-Ramsden G. Predicting pathways of specific language impairment: What differentiates good and poor outcome? The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines. 2001; 42(8):1013-20. [DOI:10.1111/1469-7610.00799] [PMID]
Cleave PL, Girolametto LE, Chen X, Johnson CJ. Narrative abilities in monolingual and dual language learning children with specific language impairment. Journal of Communication Disorders. 2010; 43(6):511-22. [DOI:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2010.05.005] [PMID]
Fey ME, Catts HW, Proctor Williams K, Tomblin JB, Zhang X. Oral and written story composition skills of children with language impairment. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 2004; 47(6):1301-18. [DOI:10.1044/1092-4388(2004/098)]
Gorman BK, Bingham GE, Fiestas CE, Terry NP. Assessing the narrative abilities of Spanish-speaking preschool children: A Spanish adaptation of the narrative assessment protocol. Early Childhood Research Quarterly. 2016; 36:307-17. [DOI:10.1016/j.ecresq.2015.12.025]
Jones C, Toscano E, Botting N, Marshall CR, Atkinson JR, Denmark T, et al. Narrative skills in deaf children who use spoken English: Dissociations between macro and microstructural devices. Research in Developmental Disabilities. 2016; 59:268-82. [DOI:10.1016/j.ridd.2016.09.010] [PMID]
Norbury CF, Bishop DV. Narrative skills of children with communication impairments. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders. 2003; 38(3):287-313. [DOI:10.1080/136820310000108133] [PMID]
Paris AH, Paris SG. Assessing narrative comprehension in young children. Reading Research Quarterly. 2003; 38(1):36-76. [DOI:10.1598/RRQ.38.1.3]
Reese E, Sparks A, Suggate S. Assessing children’s narratives. In: Hoff E, editor. Research Methods in Child Language: A Practical Guide. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell; 2012. p. 133-48. [DOI:10.1002/9781444344035.ch9]
Reilly J, Losh M, Bellugi U, Wulfeck B. “Frog, where are you?” Narratives in children with specific language impairment, early focal brain injury, and Williams syndrome. Brain and Language. 2004; 88(2):229-47. [DOI:10.1016/S0093-934X(03)00101-9]
Justice LM, Bowles RP, Kaderavek JN, Ukrainetz TA, Eisenberg SL, Gillam RB. The index of narrative microstructure: A clinical tool for analyzing school-age children’s narrative performances. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology. 2006; 15(2):177-91. [DOI:10.1044/1058-0360(2006/017)]
Hickmann M. Children’s discourse: Person, space and time across languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2004. https://books.google.com/books?id=kowdw72y4HsC&dq
Justice LM, Bowles R, Pence K, Gosse C. A scalable tool for assessing children’s language abilities within a narrative context: The NAP (Narrative Assessment Protocol). Early Childhood Research Quarterly. 2010; 25(2):218-34. [DOI:10.1016/j.ecresq.2009.11.002]
Liles BZ. Production and comprehension of narrative discourse in normal and language disordered children. Journal of Communication Disorders. 1985; 18(6):409-27. [DOI:10.1016/0021-9924(85)90030-9]
Paul R, Norbury C. Language disorders from infancy through adolescence: Listening, speaking, reading, writing, and communicating. 4th ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 2012. https://books.google.com/books?id=maGQtryS8xcC&dq
Pinto G, Tarchi C, Bigozzi L. Development in narrative competences from oral to written stories in five-to seven-year-old children. Early Childhood Research Quarterly. 2016; 36:1-10. [DOI:10.1016/j.ecresq.2015.12.001]
Carroll DW. Psychology of language. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth; 2008. https://books.google.com/books?id=qaatrAHKPRAC&dq
Berman RA. Narrative competence and storytelling performance: How children tell stories in different contexts. Journal of Narrative and Life History. 1995; 5(4):285-313. [DOI:10.1075/jnlh.5.4.01nar]
Trabasso T, van den Broek P. Causal thinking and the representation of narrative events. Journal of Memory and Language. 1985; 24(5):612-30. [DOI:10.1016/0749-596X(85)90049-X]
Heilmann J, Miller JF, Nockerts A, Dunaway C. Properties of the narrative scoring scheme using narrative retells in young school-age children. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology. 2010; 19(2):154-66. [DOI:10.1044/1058-0360(2009/08-0024)]
Stein NL, Glenn CG. An analysis of story comprehension in elementary school children. In: Freedle RO, editor. New Directions in Discourse Processing. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing Corporation; 1979. p. 53-120. https://books.google.com/books?id=mowoAAAAYAAJ&dq
Stein NL. What’s in a story: Interpreting the interpretations of story grammars. Discourse Processes. 1982; 5(3-4):319-35. [DOI:10.1080/01638538209544548]
Trabasso T, Stein NL. Using goal-plan knowledge to merge the past with the present and the future in narrating events on line. In: Haith MM, Benson JB, Roberts Jr RJ, Pennington BF, editors. The Development of Future-Oriented Processes. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press; 1994. p. 323-49. https://books.google.com/books?id=tWr-RDU9hWgC&dq
Berman RA, Slobin DI. Relating events in narrative: A crosslinguistic developmental study. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1994. https://books.google.com/books?id=lWJhuwEACAAJ&dq
Liles BZ, Duffy RJ, Merritt DD, Purcell SL. Measurement of narrative discourse ability in children with language disorders. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 1995; 38(2):415-25. [DOI:10.1044/jshr.3802.415] [PMID]
Faulkner D, Coates E. Exploring children’s creative narratives: Some theoretical, methodological and applied perspectives. In: Faulkner D, Coates E, editors. Exploring Children’s Creative Narratives. Abingdon: Routledge; 2011. p. 1-10. https://books.google.com/books?id=khDXpyGxMWkC&dq
Westby CE. Assessing and remediating text comprehension problems. In: Catts HW, Kamhi AG, editors. Language and Reading Disabilities. London/Boston, MA: Pearson/Allyn and Bacon; 2005. p. 157-232. https://books.google.com/books?id=XwxKAAAAYAAJ&dq
Trabasso T, Nickels M. The development of goal plans of action in the narration of a picture story. Discourse Processes. 1992; 15(3):249-75. [DOI:10.1080/01638539209544812]
Dabir-Moghaddam M. [Theoretical linguistics: Emergence and development of the generative grammar (Persian)]. 4th ed. Tehran: SAMT; 2010. http://opac.nlai.ir/opac-prod/bibliographic/1791627
Hughes DL, McGillivray L, Schmidek M. Guide to narrative language: Procedures for assessment. Eau Claire, WI: Thinking Publications; 1997. https://books.google.com/books?id=QNINAAAACAAJ&dq
Heilmann J, DeBrock L, Chris Riley-Tillman T. Stability of measures from children’s interviews: The effects of time, sample length, and topic. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology. 2013; 22(3):463-75. [DOI:10.1044/1058-0360(2012/11-0035)]
Kaplan RM, Saccuzzo DP. Psychological testing: Principles, applications, and issues. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning; 2013. https://books.google.com/books?id=Bn8yZXdPM1wC&vq
Pankratz ME, Plante E, Vance R, Insalaco DM. The diagnostic and predictive validity of the renfrew bus story. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools. 2007; 38(4):390-9. [DOI:10.1044/0161-1461(2007/040)]
Patten ML, Newhart M. Understanding research methods: An overview of the essentials. New York: Routledge; 2018. https://books.google.com/books?id=YAoqDwAAQBAJ&dq
Price JR, Roberts JE, Jackson SC. Structural development of the fictional narratives of African American preschoolers. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools. 2006; 37(3):178-90. [DOI:10.1044/0161-1461(2006/020)]
Mäkinen L, Loukusa S, Nieminen L, Leinonen E, Kunnari S. The development of narrative productivity, syntactic complexity, referential cohesion and event content in four-to eight-year-old Finnish children. First Language. 2014; 34(1):24-42. [DOI:10.1177/0142723713511000]
Westerveld MF, Moran CA. Spoken expository discourse of children and adolescents: Retelling versus generation. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics. 2013; 27(9):720-34. [DOI:10.3109/02699206.2013.802016] [PMID]
Halpern DF. Sex differences in cognitive abilities. Psychology Press; 2013. [DOI:10.4324/9780203816530]
Hyde JS, Linn MC. Gender differences in verbal ability: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin. 1988; 104(1):53-69. [DOI:10.1037/0033-2909.104.1.53]
Pezzuti L, Orsini A. Are there sex differences in the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for children-forth edition? Learning and Individual Differences. 2016; 45:307-12. [DOI:10.1016/j.lindif.2015.12.024]
Lynch JS, van den Broek P, Kremer KE, Kendeou P, White MJ, Lorch EP. The development of narrative comprehension and its relation to other early reading skills. Reading Psychology. 2008; 29(4):327-65. [DOI:10.1080/02702710802165416]
Toivainen T, Papageorgiou KA, Tosto MG, Kovas Y. Sex differences in non-verbal and verbal abilities in childhood and adolescence. Intelligence. 2017; 64:81-8. [DOI:10.1016/j.intell.2017.07.007]
Soleymani Z, Nematzadeh Sh, Gholami Tehrani L, Rahgozar M, Schneider P. Language sample analysis: Development of a valid language assessment tool and determining the reliability of outcome measures for Farsi-speaking children. European Journal of Developmental Psychology. 2016; 13(2):275-91. [DOI:10.1080/17405629.2016.1152175]
Mayer M. Frog, where are you? New York: Dial Press; 1969. https://books.google.com/books?id=8hrhAAAAMAAJ&dq
Schneider P, Hayward D, Dubé RV. Storytelling from pictures using the Edmonton narrative norms instrument. Journal of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology. 2006; 30(4):224-38. http://www.rehabresearch.ualberta.ca/enni/sites/default/files/schneider_article.pdf
Qasemi M, Nakhshab M, Alineghad B, Shafiei M, Tazhibi M. [Description of particular language structures in normal 4-year-olds’ narrations and their sex-related differences according to Narrative Assessment Protocol (NAP) (Persian)]. Research in Rehabilitation Sciences. 2012; 8(4):704-18. http://jrrs.mui.ac.ir/index.php/jrrs/article/view/427
Owens RE. Language development: An introduction. London: Pearson; 2012. https://books.google.com/books?id=JmKVuAAACAAJ&dq
Serratrice L. Referential cohesion in the narratives of bilingual English-Italian children and monolingual peers. Journal of Pragmatics. 2007; 39(6):1058-87. [DOI:10.1016/j.pragma.2006.10.001]
Botting N. Narrative as a tool for the assessment of linguistic and pragmatic impairments. Child Language Teaching and Therapy. 2002; 18(1):1-21. [DOI:10.1191/0265659002ct224oa]
Duinmeijer I, Jong JD, Scheper A. Narrative abilities, memory and attention in children with a specific language impairment. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders. 2012; 47(5):542-55. [DOI:10.1111/j.1460-6984.2012.00164.x] [PMID]
Kang JY. On the ability to tell good stories in another language: Analysis of Korean EFL learners’ oral “Frog story” narratives. Narrative Inquiry. 2003; 13(1):127-49. [DOI:10.1075/ni.13.1.05kan]
McCabe A, Rollins PR. Assessment of preschool narrative skills. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology. 1994; 3(1):45-56. [DOI:10.1044/1058-0360.0301.45]
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 14 No 1 (2020) | |
| Section | Research Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.32598/JMR.14.1.7 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Narrative Assessment Age Gender Persian-speaking children | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Mojahedi Rezaeian S, Ahangar AA, Hashemian P, Mazaheri M. Assessing an Eliciting Narrative Tool Used for Studying the Development of Persian-speaking Children’s Narrative Discourse Skills. jmr. 2020;14(1):55-68.
