The Relationship Between Emotional Content and Phonological Processing in Persian Speaking Children Who Stutter: A Study by Event-related Potential
-
Sousan Salehi
,
Ahmad Reza Khatoonabadi
,
Mahmoudreza Ashrafi
,
Ghasem Mohammadkhani
,
Saman Maroufizadeh
Abstract
Introduction: Emotion can contribute to the severity of stuttering, although the underlying mechanism is unknown. Event-related Potential (ERP) could be very helpful for assessing emotional processing in persons with stuttering. Our study aimed at the investigation of phonological processing for emotional and neutral words in Children Who Stutter (CWS) by ERP.
Materials and Methods: Ten CWS were given 120 emotional and neutral words to read. Phonological processing was assessed by aloud reading task, while simultaneously ERP was recorded. The results were analyzed as behavioral (reaction time and accuracy) and electrophysiological (amplitude and topography).
Results: There were significant differences in reaction time and accuracy between positive, negative, and neutral words (P<0.05). The electrophysiological data analysis showed significant differences for a minimum of amplitude in the left frontal area, for a maximum of amplitude in the right temporal area, and peak to peak distance in the left frontal area (P<0.05). Visual inspection suggested that recorded fluctuations have a bigger amplitude range for neutral words in all brain regions, except prefrontal, frontal and right frontal.
Conclusion: Valence would affect behavioral measures. Generally, emotion facilitates word processing by reducing activity in anterior brain areas in phonological processing time.
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31. Bigdely-Shamlo N, Mullen T, Kothe C, Su KM, Robbins KA. The PREP pipeline: Standardized preprocessing for large-scale EEG analysis. Frontiers in Neuroinformatics. 2015; 9:16. [DOI:10.3389/fninf.2015.00016] [PMID] [PMCID]
32. Hickok G. The functional neuroanatomy of language. Physics of Life Reviews. 2009; 6(3):121-43. [DOI:10.1016/j.plrev.2009.06.001] [PMID] [PMCID]
2. Karbasi SA, Fallah R, Golestan M. The prevalence of speech disorder in primary school students in Yazd, Iran. Acta Medica Iranica. 2011; 49(1):33-7.
3. Mohammadi H, Nilipur R, Yadegari F. Prevalence of stuttering in Kurdish-Persian consecutive bilinguals in Iran. Asia Pacific Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing. 2010; 13(4):235-41. [DOI:10.1179/136132810805335001]
4. Steer MD, Johnson W. An objective study of the relationship between psychological factors and the severity of stuttering. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. 1936; 31(1):36-46. [DOI:10.1037/h0060643]
5. Levelt WJM. Speaking: From intention to articulation. New York: MIT Press; 1993. [DOI:10.7551/mitpress/6393.001.0001] [PMID] [PMCID]
6. Weber-Fox C, Hampton A. Stuttering and natural speech processing of semantic and syntactic constraints on verbs. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research : JSLHR. 2008; 51(5):1058-71. [DOI:10.1044/1092-4388(2008/07-0164)]
7. Hartsuiker RJ, Bastiaanse R. Phonological encoding and monitoring in normal and pathological speech. 1st edition. New York: Psychology Press; 2005. [DOI:10.4324/9780203506196] [PMCID]
8. Weber-Fox C, Spruill E, Spencer R, Smith A. Atypical neural functions underlying phonological processing and silent rehearsal in children who stutter. Developmental Science. 2008; 11(2):321-37. [DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2008.00678.x] [PMID] [PMCID]
9. Wagner RK, Torgesen JK. The nature of phonological processing and its causal role in the acquisition of reading skills. Psychological Bulletin. 1987; 101(2):192-212. [DOI:10.1037/0033-2909.101.2.192]
10. Russell JA, Bachorowski J-A, Fernandez-Dols J-M. Facial and vocal expressions of emotion. Annual Review of Psychology. 2003. 54:329-49. [DOI:10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145102] [PMID]
11. Arulanandam A. The role of emotional valence and arousal on recognition memory for visual stimuli. Nashua, NH: Rivier University; 2016.
12. Salehi S, Khatoonabadi AR, Ashrafi MR, Mohammadkhani GH, Maroufizadeh S. Valence effects on phonological processing in normal Persian speaking children: A study by ERP. Modern Journal of Language Teaching Methods. 2018; 8(2):48-75.
13. Salehi S, Khatoonabadi AR, Ashrafi MR, Mohammadkhani Gh, Maroufizadeh S, Majdinasab F. The relationship between emotional content and word processing in normal Persian speaking children. Iranian Journal of Child Neurology. 2018; 12(4):140-52.
14. Kuperman V, Estes Z, Brysbaert M, Warriner AB. Emotion and language: Valence and arousal affect word recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology. General 2014. 143(3):1065-81. [DOI:10.1037/a0035669] [PMID] [PMCID]
15. Kissler J, Koessler S. Emotionally positive stimuli facilitate lexical decisions: An ERP study. Biological Psychology. 2011; 86(3):254-64. [DOI:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.12.006] [PMID]
16. Yao Z, Yu D, Wang L, Zhu X, Guo J, Wang Z. Effects of valence and arousal on emotional word processing are modulated by concreteness: Behavioral and ERP evidence from a lexical decision task. International Journal of Psychophysiology. 2016; 110:231-42. [DOI:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.07.499] [PMID]
17. Imbir KK, Jarymowicz MT, Spustek T, Kus R, Zygierewicz J. Origin of emotion effects on erp correlates of emotional word processing: The emotion duality approach. PLoS One. 2015. 10(5):e0126129. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0126129] [PMID] [PMCID]
18. Handy TC. Event-related potentials: A methods handbook. Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA: Bradford Book, MIT Press; 2004.
19. Adolphs R, Damasio H, Tranel D. Neural systems for recognition of emotional prosody: A 3-D lesion study. Emotion. 2002; 2(1):23-51. [DOI:10.1037/1528-3542.2.1.23] [PMID]
20. Laganaro M. ERP topographic analyses from concept to articulation in word production studies. Frontiers in Psychology. 2014; 5:493-3. [DOI:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00493]
21. Nidal SK, Malik AS. EEG/ERP analysis: Methods and applications. New York: Taylor & Francis; 2014. [DOI:10.1201/b17605]
22. Walden TA, Frankel CB, Buhr AP, Johnson KN, Conture EG, Karrass JM. Dual diathesis-stressor model of emotional and linguistic contributions to developmental stuttering. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. 2012; 40(4):633-44. [DOI:10.1007/s10802-011-9581-8] [PMID] [PMCID]
23. Choi D, Conture EG, Walden TA, Jones RM, Kim H. Emotional diathesis, emotional stress, and childhood stuttering. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research: JSLHR. 2016; 59(4):616-30. [DOI:10.1044/2015_JSLHR-S-14-0357] [PMID] [PMCID]
24. Jones R, Choi D, Conture E, Walden T. Temperament, emotion, and childhood stuttering. Seminars in Speech and Language. 2014; 35(2):114-31. [DOI:10.1055/s-0034-1371755] [PMID] [PMCID]
25. Laganaro M, Perret C. Comparing electrophysiological correlates of word production in immediate and delayed naming through the analysis of word age of acquisition effects. Brain Topography. 2011; 24(1):19-29. [DOI:10.1007/s10548-010-0162-x] [PMID]
26. Oldfield RC. The assessment and analysis of handedness: The Edinburgh inventory. Neuropsychologia. 1971; 9(1):97-113. [DOI:10.1016/0028-3932(71)90067-4]
27. Nazari MA, Khayat F, Poursharifi H, Hakimi M, Shojaei Z. Primary nomalization of emotional Farsi words. Applied Psychological Research Quarterly. 2014; 4(4):41-71.
28. Scott GG, O’Donnell PJ, Leuthold H, Sereno SC. Early emotion word processing: Evidence from event-related potentials. Biological Psychology. 2009; 80(1):95-104. [DOI:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2008.03.010] [PMID]
29. Bakhtiar M, Seifpanahi S, Ansari H, Ghanadzade M, Packman A. Investigation of the reliability of the SSI-3 for preschool Persian-speaking Children Who Stutter. Journal of Fluency Disorders. 2010; 35(2):87-91. [DOI:10.1016/j.jfludis.2010.02.003] [PMID]
30. Hunt MJ. Spectral signal processing for ASR. Proceedings of ASRU. Keystone, Colorado; 1999.
31. Bigdely-Shamlo N, Mullen T, Kothe C, Su KM, Robbins KA. The PREP pipeline: Standardized preprocessing for large-scale EEG analysis. Frontiers in Neuroinformatics. 2015; 9:16. [DOI:10.3389/fninf.2015.00016] [PMID] [PMCID]
32. Hickok G. The functional neuroanatomy of language. Physics of Life Reviews. 2009; 6(3):121-43. [DOI:10.1016/j.plrev.2009.06.001] [PMID] [PMCID]
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| Issue | Vol 14 No 3 (2020) | |
| Section | Research Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jmr.v14i3.7712 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Phonological processing Emotional content Developmental stuttering Persian ERP | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Salehi S, Khatoonabadi AR, Ashrafi M, Mohammadkhani G, Maroufizadeh S. The Relationship Between Emotional Content and Phonological Processing in Persian Speaking Children Who Stutter: A Study by Event-related Potential. jmr. 2020;14(3):141-150.
