Effect of Core Stability Exercises on Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Randomized Controlled Trial
,
Abstract
Introduction: Primary dysmenorrhea is characterized by pain during menstruation without any pelvic pathology. It is a common problem among females in their reproductive age. However, exercise is a known intervention to relieve the symptoms. This study aimed to assess the effect of core stability exercises on pain severity, pain duration, and drug consumption in primary dysmenorrhea in adult females.
Materials and Methods: Thirty-four non-athletic, unmarried girls, aged 18-25 years, who suffered from moderate to severe primary dysmenorrhea, were randomly assigned to the experimental (n=17) and control groups (n=17). The experimental group performed 8 weeks of core stability exercise (3 sessions/week, 45-60 min/session). Before and after the exercise program, pain intensity, pain duration, and the medication usage of the participants were assessed by “numeric pain scale” (10-point scale), “the number of hours that the pain continued” and “the total amount of painkiller consumption for the pain reduction” for 2 days prior to menstruation, and 2 days after menstruation onset. The statistical analysis was performed using ANCOVA and dependent t-test. The confidence interval was considered at 0.95 (α<0.05).
Results: In comparison with the control group, there was a significant decrease in pain intensity (P=0.008), pain duration (P=0.021), and the number of painkillers consumed (P=0.018) in the experimental group.
Conclusion: Core stability exercises may be effective in reducing pain intensity, pain duration, and consumed painkillers.
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9. Chantler I, Mitchell D, Fuller A. Diclofenac potassium attenuates dysmenorrhea and restores exercise performance in women with primary dysmenorrhea. The Journal of Pain. 2009; 10(2):191-200. [DOI:10.1016/j.jpain.2008.08.006] [PMID]
10. Smith CA, Crowther CA, Petrucco O, Beilby J, Dent H. Acupuncture to treat primary dysmenorrhea in women: A randomized controlled trial. Evidence-Based Complement Alternat Medicin. 2011; 2011:612464. [DOI:10.1093/ecam/nep239] [PMID] [PMCID]
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12. Atallahi M, Amir Ali Akbari S, Mojab F, Alavi Majd H. Effects of wheat germ extract on the severity and systemic symptoms of primary dysmenorrhea: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal. 2014; 16(8):e19503. [DOI:10.5812/ircmj.19503] [PMID] [PMCID]
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15. Jahromi MK, Gaeini A, Rahimi Z. Influence of a physical fitness course on menstrual cycle characteristics. Gynecological Endocrinology. 2008; 24(11):659-62. [DOI:10.1080/09513590802342874] [PMID]
16. Stoddard JL, Dent CW, Shames L, Bernstein L. Exercise training effects on premenstrual distress and ovarian steroid hormones. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2007; 99(1):27-37. [DOI:10.1007/s00421-006-0313-7] [PMID]
17. Shahr-jerdy S, Sheikh Hosseini R, Gh Maghsoud E. Effects of stretching exercises on primary dysmenorrhea in adolescent girls. Biomedical Human Kinetics. 2012; 4(1):127-32. [DOI:10.2478/v10101-012-0024-y]
18. Rakhshaee Z. Effect of three yoga poses (cobra, cat and fish poses) in women with primary dysmenorrhea: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. 2011; 24(4):192-6. [DOI:10.1016/j.jpag.2011.01.059] [PMID]
19. Rezvani S, Taghian F, Valiani M. The effect of aquatic exercises on primary dysmenorrhoea in nonathlete girls. Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research. 2013; 18(5):378-83.
20. Jarrett M, Heitkemper MM, Shaver JF. Symptoms and self-care strategies in women with and without dysmenorrhea. Health Care for Women International. 1995; 16(2):167-78. [DOI:10.1080/07399339509516167] [PMID]
21. Daley AJ. Exercise and primary dysmenorrhoea: A comprehensive and critical review of the literature. Sports Medicine. 2008; 38(8):659-70. [DOI:10.2165/00007256-200838080-00004] [PMID]
22. Willardson JM. Core stability training: Applications to sports conditioning programs. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2007; 21(3):979-85. [DOI:10.1519/00124278-200708000-00054] [PMID]
23. Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang AG, Buchner A. G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods. 2007; 39(2):175-91. [DOI:10.3758/BF03193146] [PMID]
24. Matteson KA. Menstrual questionnaires for clinical and research use. Best practice & research, Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2017; 40:44-54. [DOI:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2016.09.009] [PMID]
25. Chiarotto A, Maxwell LJ, Ostelo RW, Boers M, Tugwell P, Terwee CB. Measurement properties of visual analogue scale, numeric rating scale, and pain severity subscale of the brief pain inventory in patients with low back pain: A systematic review. Journal of Pain. 2019; 20(3):245-63. [DOI:10.1016/j.jpain.2018.07.009] [PMID]
26. Ferreira-Valente MA, Pais-Ribeiro JL, Jensen MP. Validity of four pain intensity rating scales. Pain. 2011; 152(10):2399-404. [DOI:10.1016/j.pain.2011.07.005] [PMID]
27. Velloso CP. Regulation of muscle mass by growth hormone and IGF-I. British Journal Pharmacology. 2008; 154(3):557-68. [DOI:10.1038/bjp.2008.153] [PMID] [PMCID]
28. Oosthuyse T, Bosch AN. The effect of the menstrual cycle on exercise metabolism: Implications for exercise performance in eumenorrhoeic women. Sports Med. 2010; 40(3):207-27. [DOI:10.2165/11317090-000000000-00000] [PMID]
29. Balbi C, Musone R, Menditto A, Di Prisco L, Cassese E, D’Ajello M, et al. Influence of menstrual factors and dietary habits on menstrual pain in adolescence age. European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 2000; 91(2):143-8. [DOI:10.1016/S0301-2115(99)00277-8]
30. Vaziri F, Hoseini A, Kamali F, Abdali K, Hadianfard M, Sayadi M. Comparing the effects of aerobic and stretching exercises on the intensity of primary dysmenorrhea in the students of universities of bushehr. Journal of Family & Reproductive Health. 2015; 9(1):23-8.
31. Wang L, Wang X, Wang W, Chen C, Ronnennberg AG, Guang W, et al. Stress and dysmenorrhoea: A population based prospective study. Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2004; 61(12):1021-6. [DOI:10.1136/oem.2003.012302] [PMID] [PMCID]
32. Koseoglu E, Akboyraz A, Soyuer A, Ersoy AO. Aerobic exercise and plasma beta endorphin levels in patients with migrainous headache without aura. Cephalalgia. 2003; 23(10):972-6. [DOI:10.1046/j.1468-2982.2003.00624.x] [PMID]
2. Iacovides S, Avidon I, Baker FC. What we know about primary dysmenorrhea today: A critical review. Human Reproduction Update. 2015; 21(6):762-78. [DOI:10.1093/humupd/dmv039] [PMID]
3. Chung FF, Yao CC, Wan GH. The associations between menstrual function and life style/working conditions among nurses in Taiwan. Journal of Occupational Health. 2005; 47(2):149-56. [DOI:10.1539/joh.47.149] [PMID]
4. Ju H, Jones M, Mishra G. The prevalence and risk factors of dysmenorrhea. Epidemiologic Reviews. 2014; 36:104-13. [DOI:10.1093/epirev/mxt009] [PMID]
5. Unsal A, Ayranci U, Tozun M, Arslan G, Calik E. Prevalence of dysmenorrhea and its effect on quality of life among a group of female university students. Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences. 2010; 115(2):138-45. [DOI:10.3109/03009730903457218] [PMID] [PMCID]
6. Dawood MY. Primary dysmenorrhea: Advances in pathogenesis and management. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2006; 108(2):428-41. [DOI:10.1097/01.AOG.0000230214.26638.0c] [PMID]
7. Harel Z. Dysmenorrhea in adolescents. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2008; 1135:185-95. [DOI:10.1196/annals.1429.007] [PMID]
8. Holtzman DA, Petrocco-Napuli KL, Burke JR. Prospective case series on the effects of lumbosacral manipulation on dysmenorrhea. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 2008; 31(3):237-46. [DOI:10.1016/j.jmpt.2008.02.005] [PMID]
9. Chantler I, Mitchell D, Fuller A. Diclofenac potassium attenuates dysmenorrhea and restores exercise performance in women with primary dysmenorrhea. The Journal of Pain. 2009; 10(2):191-200. [DOI:10.1016/j.jpain.2008.08.006] [PMID]
10. Smith CA, Crowther CA, Petrucco O, Beilby J, Dent H. Acupuncture to treat primary dysmenorrhea in women: A randomized controlled trial. Evidence-Based Complement Alternat Medicin. 2011; 2011:612464. [DOI:10.1093/ecam/nep239] [PMID] [PMCID]
11. Kim JS, Jo YJ, Hwang SK. [The effects of abdominal meridian massage on menstrual cramps and dysmenorrhea in full-time employed women (Korean)]. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing. 2005; 35(7):1325-32. [DOI:10.4040/jkan.2005.35.7.1325] [PMID]
12. Atallahi M, Amir Ali Akbari S, Mojab F, Alavi Majd H. Effects of wheat germ extract on the severity and systemic symptoms of primary dysmenorrhea: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal. 2014; 16(8):e19503. [DOI:10.5812/ircmj.19503] [PMID] [PMCID]
13. Proctor M, Farquhar C, Stones W, He L, Zhu X, Brown J. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and acupuncture for primary dysmenorrhoea. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2002; 2002(1):CD002123. [DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD002123]
14. Proctor M, Farquhar C. Diagnosis and management of dysmenorrhoea. British Medical Journal. 2006; 332(7550):1134-8. [DOI:10.1136/bmj.332.7550.1134] [PMID] [PMCID]
15. Jahromi MK, Gaeini A, Rahimi Z. Influence of a physical fitness course on menstrual cycle characteristics. Gynecological Endocrinology. 2008; 24(11):659-62. [DOI:10.1080/09513590802342874] [PMID]
16. Stoddard JL, Dent CW, Shames L, Bernstein L. Exercise training effects on premenstrual distress and ovarian steroid hormones. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2007; 99(1):27-37. [DOI:10.1007/s00421-006-0313-7] [PMID]
17. Shahr-jerdy S, Sheikh Hosseini R, Gh Maghsoud E. Effects of stretching exercises on primary dysmenorrhea in adolescent girls. Biomedical Human Kinetics. 2012; 4(1):127-32. [DOI:10.2478/v10101-012-0024-y]
18. Rakhshaee Z. Effect of three yoga poses (cobra, cat and fish poses) in women with primary dysmenorrhea: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. 2011; 24(4):192-6. [DOI:10.1016/j.jpag.2011.01.059] [PMID]
19. Rezvani S, Taghian F, Valiani M. The effect of aquatic exercises on primary dysmenorrhoea in nonathlete girls. Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research. 2013; 18(5):378-83.
20. Jarrett M, Heitkemper MM, Shaver JF. Symptoms and self-care strategies in women with and without dysmenorrhea. Health Care for Women International. 1995; 16(2):167-78. [DOI:10.1080/07399339509516167] [PMID]
21. Daley AJ. Exercise and primary dysmenorrhoea: A comprehensive and critical review of the literature. Sports Medicine. 2008; 38(8):659-70. [DOI:10.2165/00007256-200838080-00004] [PMID]
22. Willardson JM. Core stability training: Applications to sports conditioning programs. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2007; 21(3):979-85. [DOI:10.1519/00124278-200708000-00054] [PMID]
23. Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang AG, Buchner A. G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods. 2007; 39(2):175-91. [DOI:10.3758/BF03193146] [PMID]
24. Matteson KA. Menstrual questionnaires for clinical and research use. Best practice & research, Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2017; 40:44-54. [DOI:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2016.09.009] [PMID]
25. Chiarotto A, Maxwell LJ, Ostelo RW, Boers M, Tugwell P, Terwee CB. Measurement properties of visual analogue scale, numeric rating scale, and pain severity subscale of the brief pain inventory in patients with low back pain: A systematic review. Journal of Pain. 2019; 20(3):245-63. [DOI:10.1016/j.jpain.2018.07.009] [PMID]
26. Ferreira-Valente MA, Pais-Ribeiro JL, Jensen MP. Validity of four pain intensity rating scales. Pain. 2011; 152(10):2399-404. [DOI:10.1016/j.pain.2011.07.005] [PMID]
27. Velloso CP. Regulation of muscle mass by growth hormone and IGF-I. British Journal Pharmacology. 2008; 154(3):557-68. [DOI:10.1038/bjp.2008.153] [PMID] [PMCID]
28. Oosthuyse T, Bosch AN. The effect of the menstrual cycle on exercise metabolism: Implications for exercise performance in eumenorrhoeic women. Sports Med. 2010; 40(3):207-27. [DOI:10.2165/11317090-000000000-00000] [PMID]
29. Balbi C, Musone R, Menditto A, Di Prisco L, Cassese E, D’Ajello M, et al. Influence of menstrual factors and dietary habits on menstrual pain in adolescence age. European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 2000; 91(2):143-8. [DOI:10.1016/S0301-2115(99)00277-8]
30. Vaziri F, Hoseini A, Kamali F, Abdali K, Hadianfard M, Sayadi M. Comparing the effects of aerobic and stretching exercises on the intensity of primary dysmenorrhea in the students of universities of bushehr. Journal of Family & Reproductive Health. 2015; 9(1):23-8.
31. Wang L, Wang X, Wang W, Chen C, Ronnennberg AG, Guang W, et al. Stress and dysmenorrhoea: A population based prospective study. Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2004; 61(12):1021-6. [DOI:10.1136/oem.2003.012302] [PMID] [PMCID]
32. Koseoglu E, Akboyraz A, Soyuer A, Ersoy AO. Aerobic exercise and plasma beta endorphin levels in patients with migrainous headache without aura. Cephalalgia. 2003; 23(10):972-6. [DOI:10.1046/j.1468-2982.2003.00624.x] [PMID]
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 13 No 2 (2019) | |
| Section | Research Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.32598/JMR.13.1.113 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Pain Dysmenorrhea Exercise Lumbosacral region | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Shahrjerdi S, Mahmoudi F, Sheikhhoseini R, Shahrjerdi S. Effect of Core Stability Exercises on Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Randomized Controlled Trial. jmr. 2019;13(2):113-122.
