Designing Family-based Cognitive Rehabilitation and Evaluation of Its Effectiveness on Working Memory, Sustained Attention, Inhibition, and Social Skills of Children With Intellectual Disability
,
Abstract
Introduction: Educational performance and executive functions are two factors related to positive outcomes. Delay or the reduction of the development of executive functions in children with intellectual disabilities (ID) may result in negative outcomes in social skills and educational competence. The main important aspects of executive functions, including working memory, attention, and inhibition are considered the main predictors of learning social skills, as well as educational skills in life. The current study aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of family-based cognitive rehabilitation on working memory, sustained attention, inhibition, and social skills of children with ID.
Materials and Methods: The participants of the present study were a subgroup of 11-14-year-old children with ID, who were studying in the exceptional schools from 2017 to 2018 in Tehran, Iran. The samples were selected by clustering multi-stages method; 15 students were assigned to the experimental group and 15 students were assigned to the control group. Then, they were evaluated by the Boshra test for cognitive inhibition, working memory test for children, integrated visual and auditory (IVA) test, behavior rating inventory of executive function (BRIEF), and Vineland social skill scale before and after the cognitive family-based intervention. The experimental group received 12 sessions of intervention. The data were analyzed by SPSS v. 24.
Results: Family-based cognitive rehabilitation had significant effects on improving working memory, attention, and inhibition (P<0.001) through addressing underlying executive functions, but had no significant effect on the social skills of children with ID.
Conclusion: As a new intervention, cognitive family-based rehabilitation may improve the executive functions of children with ID as supplementary intervention along with behavioral or other cognitive interventions to help children overcome some challenges under social situations.
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32. Damhari F, Alizade A and Pezeshk sh. [Desining and writing social-psychological program and evaluation of its effectiveness on executive functions and challenging behaviors of autistic children with high functions (Persian)] [MSc. thesis]. Tehran: Allameh Tabatabaei University; 2016.
2. Titz C, Karbach J. Working memory and executive functions: Effects of training on academic abilities. Psychological Research. 2014; 78(6):852-68. [DOI:10.1007/s00426-013-0537-1] [PMID]
3. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013. [DOI:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596]
4. Peng P, Fuchs D. A meta-analysis of working memory deficits in children with learning difficulties: Is there a difference between verbal domain and numerical domain? Journal of Learning Disabilities. 2016; 49(1):3-20. [DOI:10.1177/0022219414521667] [PMID]
5. Ghorbanzadeh B. [Effect of rhythmic exercise on memory and attention in children with intellectual disability (Persian)]. Journal of Sport Management and Motor Behavior. 2018; 14(27):43-54. [DOI:10.22080/JSMB.2018.7636.2041]
6. Carretti B, Lanfranchi S, Mammarella IC. Spatial-simultaneous and spatial-sequential working memory in individuals with Down Syndrome: The effect of configuration. Research in Developmental Disabilities. 2013; 34(1):669-75. [DOI:10.1016/j.ridd.2012.09.011] [PMID]
7. Danielsson H, Zottarel V, Palmqvist L, Lanfranchi S. The effectiveness of working memory training with individuals with intellectual disabilities - a meta-analytic review. Frontiers in Psychology. 2015; 6:1230. [DOI:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01230] [PMID] [PMCID]
8. Pumaccahua TT, Wong EH, Wiest DJ. Effects of computerized cognitive training on working memory in a school setting. International Journal of Learning, Teaching, and Educational Research. 2017; 16(3):88-104.
9. Kirk HE, Gray K, Riby DM, Cornish KM. Cognitive training as a resolution for early executive function difficulties in children with intellectual disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities. 2015; 38:145-60. [DOI:10.1016/j.ridd.2014.12.026] [PMID]
10. Najarzadegan M, Nejati V, Amiri N, Sharifian M. [Effect of cognitive rehabilitation on executive function (working memory and attention) in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (Persian)]. Scientific Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 2015; 4(2):97-108.
11. Rostaman H, Talepasand S, Nazifi M. [The effect of executive function training on executive performance and behavioral symptoms of children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (Persian)]. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2013; 5(1):93-106.
12. Hosseini M. [Comparison of executive functions in normal and intellectual disability (Persian)]. First Conferences of Social-Individual Empowerment of Exceptional People, Ghaen Branch Azad University. 2015. Available from: https://www.civilica.com/Paper-ISEPP01-ISEPP01_109.html.
13. Najian A, Nejati V, Akbarpoor F. [Evaluation of cognitive rehabilitation based on improvement of movement on cognitive skills of ADHD (Persian)] [MA. thesis] Tehran: Shahid Beheshti University; 2018.
14. Tamm L, Menon V, Reiss AL. Maturation of brain function associated with response inhibition. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2002; 41(10):1231-8. [DOI:10.1097/00004583-200210000-00013] [PMID]
15. Nesayan A, Asadi Gandomani R. [Effectiveness of social skills training on behavioral problems in adolescents with intellectual disability (Persian)]. Journal of Rehabilitation. 2016; 17(2):158-67. [DOI:10.21859/jrehab-1702158]
16. Azizi A, Mir Drikvand F, Sepahvand MA. [Effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation training on continuous attention, working memory and visual - motor perception in primary school students with specific learning disability (Persian)]. Quarterly Journal of Social Cognition. 2017; 6(1):135-46.
17. Kumar GS, Venkatesan S. Reappraisal of research on executive function training in children with learning disabilities. International Journal of Psychology and Psychiatry. 2014; 2(1):7-18. [DOI:10.5958/j.2320-6233.2.1.002]
18. Steenbergen-Hu S, Makel M, Olszewski-Kubilius P. What one hundred years of research says about ability-grouping and acceleration on K–12 students’ academic achievement: Findings of two second-order meta-analysis. Review of Educational Research. 2016; 86(4):849-99. [DOI:10.3102/0034654316675417]
19. Schuiringa H, van Nieuwenhuijzen M, Orobio de Castro B, Matthys W. Executive functions and processing speed in children with mild to borderline intellectual disabilities and externalizing behavior problems. Child Neuropsychology. 2017; 23(4):442-62. [DOI:10.1080/09297049.2015.1135421] [PMID]
20. Farghaly WM, Ahmed MA, El-Tallawy HN, Elmestikawy TA, Badry R, Farghaly MS, et al. Construction of an Arabic computerized battery for cognitive rehabilitation of children with specific learning disabilities. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 2019; 14:2123-31. [DOI:10.2147/NDT.S155987] [PMID] [PMCID]
21. Giuliani F, El Korh P. Social skills group for adults living with intellectual disabilities. Clinical Psychiatry. 2016; 2(2):9. [DOI:10.21767/2471-9854.100022]
22. Barnes TN, Wang F, O’Brien KM. A meta-analytic review of social problem-solving interventions in preschool settings. Infant and Child Developmen. 2018; 27(2):e2095. [DOI:10.1002/icd.2095]
23. Corbett BA, Key AP, Qualls L, Fecteau S, Newsom C, Coke C, et al. Improvement in social competence using a randomized trial of a theater intervention for children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2016; 46(2):658-72. [DOI:10.1007/s10803-015-2600-9] [PMID] [PMCID]
24. Christ SE, Stichter JP, O’Connor KV, Bodner K, Moffitt AJ, Herzog MJ. Social skills intervention participation and associated improvements in executive function performance. Autism Research and Treatment. 2017; 2017:5843851. [DOI:10.1155/2017/5843851]
25. Homayounnia Firoozjah M, Sheikh M, Hemayattalab R, Shahrbanian Sh, Homayouni AR. [The effect environmental approach (affordances) approach to metacognitive of children with mental disorders (Persian)]. Journal of Neuropsychology. 2018; 4(3):59-72.
26. Adeniyi YC, Omigbodun OO. Effect of a classroom-based intervention on the social skills of pupils with intellectual disability in Southwest Nigeria. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health. 2016; 10(1):29. [DOI:10.1186/s13034-016-0118-3] [PMID] [PMCID]
27. Demily C, Rigard C, Peyroux E, Chesnoy-Servanin G, Morel A, Franck N. «Cognitus & Moi»: A computer-based cognitive remediation program for children with intellectual disability. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2016; 7:10. [DOI:10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00010] [PMID] [PMCID]
28. Saatchi M, Kamkar K, Asgarian M. [Psychological tests (Persian)]. Tehran: Virayesh; 2010.
29. Rafi khah M, Arjmandnia A, Mohajerani M, Nodeei KH. [Construction, normalization, and validation of Boshra Test (Cognitive Inhibition Assessment) (Persian)]. Cognitive and Behavioral Sciences Research. 2016; 6(2):1-14.
30. Arjmandnia AA. [Working memory: From assessment to intervention in clinical and academic settings (Persian)] 1st ed. Tehran: Roshd Farhang; 2016.
31. Hou J, Zhang Y, Xu M. Study on integrated visual and auditory continuous performance test in ADHD children. Journal of Nantong University (Medical Sciences). 2006; 3(6):23-45.
32. Damhari F, Alizade A and Pezeshk sh. [Desining and writing social-psychological program and evaluation of its effectiveness on executive functions and challenging behaviors of autistic children with high functions (Persian)] [MSc. thesis]. Tehran: Allameh Tabatabaei University; 2016.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 13 No 2 (2019) | |
| Section | Research Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.32598/JMR.13.2.87 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Cognitive rehabilitation Working memory Sustained attention Cognitive inhibition | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Ghasemi S, Arjmandnia AA, Gholamali Lavasani M. Designing Family-based Cognitive Rehabilitation and Evaluation of Its Effectiveness on Working Memory, Sustained Attention, Inhibition, and Social Skills of Children With Intellectual Disability. jmr. 2019;13(2):87-96.
