Evaluation of Subclinical Hypothyroidism on Auditory Divided Attention
-
Fatemeh Khorasani
,
Nematollah Rouhbakhsh
,
Ahmad Geshani
,
Mohammad Reza Mohajeri Tehrani
,
Mostafa Qorbani
Abstract
Introduction: Subclinical hypothyroidism is an endocrine disorder that can adversely affect cognitive performance. In this regard, patients with subclinical hypothyroidism may develop poor attention. However, the effects of this endocrine disorder on auditory attention is unclear. This study aims to evaluate the impact of subclinical hypothyroidism on auditory divided attention.
Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional, case control study was performed on 30 adult patients, aged 20-40 years, who met the study inclusion criteria. Based on their Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) level, the subjects were divided into two case groups (each with 15 patients) with a TSH level of 5˂TSH≤10 and 10˂TSH≤15. A healthy control group was recruited with matched age, sex, and education with the case groups. The participants were evaluated by the Persian version of the Bergen dichotic listening test. Among different experimental situations that included non-forced attention, forced right, and forced left, we chose the non-forced attention. Statistical analysis was done in SPSS V. 25.
Results: There was a significant difference between the subclinical hypothyroid (5˂TSH≤10 group) and controls in the scores of the right and left ear. However, there was no significant difference between scores of right and left ear in subclinical hypothyroid (10˂TSH≤15 group). No significant difference in scores of the right and left ear was found between men and women in three groups.
Conclusion: Subclinical hypothyroidism had no effect on auditory divided attention.
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4. Owen PJ, Lazarus JH. Subclinical hypothyroidism: The case for treatment. Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2003; 14(6):257-61. [DOI:10.1016/S1043-2760(03)00108-5]
5. Almeida C, Vaisman M, Costa AJL, Reis FA, Reuters V, Teixeira P, et al. Are neuropsychological changes relevant in subclinical hypothyroidism? Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia. 2007; 51(4):606-11. [DOI:10.1590/S0004-27302007000400016] [PMID]
6. Sangün Ö, Demirci S, Dündar N, Pirgon Ö, Koca T, Doğan M, et al. The effects of six-month L-thyroxine treatment on cognitive functions and event-related brain potentials in children with subclinical hypothyroidism. Journal of Clinical Research in Pediatric Endocrinology. 2015; 7(2):102. [DOI:10.4274/jcrpe.1684] [PMID] [PMCID]
7. Paladugu S, Hanmayyagari BR, Kudugunti N, Reddy R, Sahay R, Ramesh J. Improvement in subclinical cognitive dysfunction with thyroxine therapy in hypothyroidism: A study from tertiary care center. Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2015; 19(6):829-33. [DOI:10.4103/2230-8210.167547] [PMID] [PMCID]
8. Akintola AA, Jansen S, van Bodegom D, van der Grond J, Westendorp R, de Craen A, et al. Subclinical hypothyroidism and cognitive function in people over 60 years: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. 2015; 7:150. [DOI:10.3389/fnagi.2015.00150] [PMID] [PMCID]
9. Medwetsky L, Katz J, Burkhard R, Hood L. Mechanisms underlying central auditory processing. Handbook of Clinical Audiology. 2009; 6:712-25.
10. Jafari Z, Aghamollaei M, Toufan R, AsadMalayeri S, Esmaili M, Rahimzadeh S. Effects of handedness and gender on auditory attention in Bergen dichotic listening. Advances in Cognitive Science. 2012; 14(1):1-10.
11. Aylward GP, Brager P, Harper DC. Relations between visual and auditory continuous performance tests in a clinical population: A descriptive study. Developmental Neuropsychology. 2002; 21(3):285-303. [DOI:10.1207/S15326942DN2103_5] [PMID]
12. Soltanparast S, Jafari Z, Sameni SJ, Salehi M. A Persian version of the sustained auditory attention capacity test and its results in normal children. Bimonthly Audiology-Tehran University of Medical Sciences. 2013; 22(1):85-94.
13. Jafari Z, Aghamollaei M, Toufan R, Malayeri S, Esmaili M, Rahimzadeh S. Effects of hadedness and gender on auditory attention in Bergen dichotic listening. Advances in Cognitive Science. 2012; 14(1):1-10.
14. Boustanzar R, Rezayi S. Developing intervention program focused and divided attention and investigating its effectiveness on working memory iq in children with specific learning disorder. Journal of Learning Disabilities. 2017; 7(1):7-25.
15. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Leaf-nosed bat. Encyclopædia Britannica Online; 2009.
16. Hugdahl K. Dichotic listening in the study of auditory later- ality. In: Davidson, RJ, Hugdahl K, editors. The Asymmetrical Brain. Cambridge. MIT Press; 2003.
17. Holender D. Semantic activation without conscious identification in dichotic listening, parafoveal vision, and visual masking: A survey and appraisal. Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 1986; 9(1):1-23. [DOI:10.1017/S0140525X00021269]
18. Baldini M, Colasanti A, Orsatti A, Airaghi L, Mauri MC, Cappellini MD. Neuropsychological functions and metabolic aspects in subclinical hypothyroidism: The effects of L-thyroxine. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry. 2009; 33(5):854-9. [DOI:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.04.009] [PMID]
19. Gussekloo J, van Exel E, de Craen AJ, Meinders AE, Frölich M, Westendorp RG. Thyroid status, disability and cognitive function, and survival in old age. The Journal of the American Medical Association. 2004; 292(21):2591-9. [DOI:10.1001/jama.292.21.2591] [PMID]
20. Parle J, Roberts L, Wilson S, Pattison H, Roalfe A, Haque M, et al. A randomized controlled trial of the effect of thyroxine replacement on cognitive function in community-living elderly subjects with subclinical hypothyroidism: The Birmingham elderly thyroid study. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2010; 95(8):3623-32. [DOI:10.1210/jc.2009-2571] [PMID]
21. de Jongh RT, Lips P, van Schoor NM, Rijs KJ, Deeg DJ, Comijs HC, et al. Endogenous subclinical thyroid disorders, physical and cognitive function, depression, and mortality in older individuals. European Journal of Endocrinology. 2011; 165(4):545-54. [DOI:10.1530/EJE-11-0430] [PMID]
22. Delgado C, Martínez SE, Vázquez C. Cognitive deficiency in mild hypothyroidism. Neurologia. 2000; 15(5):193-8.
23. Nyström E, Caidahl K, Fager G, Wikkelsö C, Lundberg PA, Lindstedt G. A double‐blind cross‐over 12‐month study of L‐thyroxine treatment of women with ‘subclinical’ hypothyroidism. Clinical Endocrinology. 1988; 29(1):63-76. [DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2265.1988.tb00250.x] [PMID]
24. Park YJ, Lee EJ, Lee YJ, Choi SH, Park JH, Lee SB, et al. Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) is not associated with metabolic derangement, cognitive impairment, depression or poor Quality of Life (QoL) in elderly subjects. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics. 2010; 50(3):e68-73. [DOI:10.1016/j.archger.2009.05.015] [PMID]
25. Jorde R, Waterloo K, Storhaug H, Nyrnes A, Sundsfjord J, Jenssen TG. Neuropsychological function and symptoms in subjects with subclinical hypothyroidism and the effect of thyroxine treatment. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2006; 91(1):145-53. [DOI:10.1210/jc.2005-1775] [PMID]
26. Davis JD, Stern RA, Flashman LA. Cognitive and neuropsychiatric aspects of subclinical hypothyroidism: Significance in the elderly. Current Psychiatry Reports. 2003; 5(5):384-90. [DOI:10.1007/s11920-003-0073-6] [PMID]
27. Roberts LM, Pattison H, Roalfe A, Franklyn J, Wilson S, Hobbs FR, et al. Is subclinical thyroid dysfunction in the elderly associated with depression or cognitive dysfunction? Annals of Internal Medicine. 2006; 145(8):573-81. [DOI:10.7326/0003-4819-145-8-200610170-00006] [PMID]
28. Samuels MH. Cognitive function in subclinical hypothyroidism. Oxford. Oxford University Press; 2010. [DOI:10.1210/jc.2010-1242] [PMID]
29. Hugdahl K, Law I, Kyllingsbæk S, Brønnick K, Gade A, Paulson OB. Effects of attention on dichotic listening: An 15O‐PET study. Human Brain Mapping. 2000; 10(2):87-97. [DOI:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0193(200006)10:23.0.CO;2-V]
30. Zulewski H, Müller B, Exer P, Miserez AR, Staub JJ. Estimation of tissue hypothyroidism by a new clinical score: Evaluation of patients with various grades of hypothyroidism and controls. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 1997; 82(3):771-6. [DOI:10.1210/jc.82.3.771] [PMID]
31. Westerhausen R, Hugdahl K. The corpus callosum in dichotic listening studies of hemispheric asymmetry: A review of clinical and experimental evidence. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 2008; 32(5):1044-54. [DOI:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.04.005] [PMID]
32. Kimura N, Kumamoto T, Masuda H, Hanaoka T, Hazama Y, Okazaki T, et al. Relationship between thyroid hormone levels and regional cerebral blood flow in Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders. 2011; 25(2):138-43. [DOI:10.1097/WAD.0b013e3181f9aff2] [PMID]
33. Krausz Y, Freedman N, Lester H, Newman J, Barkai G, Bocher M, et al. Regional cerebral blood flow in patients with mild hypothyroidism. Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 2004; 45(10):1712-5.
34. Don M, Kwong B, Katz J. Handbook of clinical audiology. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2002.
35. Jafari Z, Toufan R, Aghamollaei M, Malayeri S, Rahimzadeh S, Esmaili M. Constructing Persian version of the Bergen dichotic listening test and its preliminary results in normal adults. Bimonthly Audiology-Tehran University of Medical Sciences. 2013; 22(3):31-41.
36. Andersson M, Llera JE, Rimol LM, Hugdahl K. Using dichotic listening to study bottom-up and top-down processing in children and adults. Child Neuropsychology. 2008; 14(5):470-9. [DOI:10.1080/09297040701756925] [PMID]
2. Surks MI, Ortiz E, Daniels GH, Sawin CT, Col NF, Cobin RH, et al. Subclinical thyroid disease: Scientific review and guidelines for diagnosis and management. The Journal of the American Medical Association. 2004; 291(2):228-38. [DOI:10.1001/jama.291.2.228] [PMID]
3. McDermott MT, Ridgway EC. Subclinical hypothyroidism is mild thyroid failure and should be treated. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2001; 86(10):4585-90. [DOI:10.1210/jcem.86.10.7959] [PMID]
4. Owen PJ, Lazarus JH. Subclinical hypothyroidism: The case for treatment. Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2003; 14(6):257-61. [DOI:10.1016/S1043-2760(03)00108-5]
5. Almeida C, Vaisman M, Costa AJL, Reis FA, Reuters V, Teixeira P, et al. Are neuropsychological changes relevant in subclinical hypothyroidism? Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia. 2007; 51(4):606-11. [DOI:10.1590/S0004-27302007000400016] [PMID]
6. Sangün Ö, Demirci S, Dündar N, Pirgon Ö, Koca T, Doğan M, et al. The effects of six-month L-thyroxine treatment on cognitive functions and event-related brain potentials in children with subclinical hypothyroidism. Journal of Clinical Research in Pediatric Endocrinology. 2015; 7(2):102. [DOI:10.4274/jcrpe.1684] [PMID] [PMCID]
7. Paladugu S, Hanmayyagari BR, Kudugunti N, Reddy R, Sahay R, Ramesh J. Improvement in subclinical cognitive dysfunction with thyroxine therapy in hypothyroidism: A study from tertiary care center. Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2015; 19(6):829-33. [DOI:10.4103/2230-8210.167547] [PMID] [PMCID]
8. Akintola AA, Jansen S, van Bodegom D, van der Grond J, Westendorp R, de Craen A, et al. Subclinical hypothyroidism and cognitive function in people over 60 years: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. 2015; 7:150. [DOI:10.3389/fnagi.2015.00150] [PMID] [PMCID]
9. Medwetsky L, Katz J, Burkhard R, Hood L. Mechanisms underlying central auditory processing. Handbook of Clinical Audiology. 2009; 6:712-25.
10. Jafari Z, Aghamollaei M, Toufan R, AsadMalayeri S, Esmaili M, Rahimzadeh S. Effects of handedness and gender on auditory attention in Bergen dichotic listening. Advances in Cognitive Science. 2012; 14(1):1-10.
11. Aylward GP, Brager P, Harper DC. Relations between visual and auditory continuous performance tests in a clinical population: A descriptive study. Developmental Neuropsychology. 2002; 21(3):285-303. [DOI:10.1207/S15326942DN2103_5] [PMID]
12. Soltanparast S, Jafari Z, Sameni SJ, Salehi M. A Persian version of the sustained auditory attention capacity test and its results in normal children. Bimonthly Audiology-Tehran University of Medical Sciences. 2013; 22(1):85-94.
13. Jafari Z, Aghamollaei M, Toufan R, Malayeri S, Esmaili M, Rahimzadeh S. Effects of hadedness and gender on auditory attention in Bergen dichotic listening. Advances in Cognitive Science. 2012; 14(1):1-10.
14. Boustanzar R, Rezayi S. Developing intervention program focused and divided attention and investigating its effectiveness on working memory iq in children with specific learning disorder. Journal of Learning Disabilities. 2017; 7(1):7-25.
15. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Leaf-nosed bat. Encyclopædia Britannica Online; 2009.
16. Hugdahl K. Dichotic listening in the study of auditory later- ality. In: Davidson, RJ, Hugdahl K, editors. The Asymmetrical Brain. Cambridge. MIT Press; 2003.
17. Holender D. Semantic activation without conscious identification in dichotic listening, parafoveal vision, and visual masking: A survey and appraisal. Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 1986; 9(1):1-23. [DOI:10.1017/S0140525X00021269]
18. Baldini M, Colasanti A, Orsatti A, Airaghi L, Mauri MC, Cappellini MD. Neuropsychological functions and metabolic aspects in subclinical hypothyroidism: The effects of L-thyroxine. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry. 2009; 33(5):854-9. [DOI:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.04.009] [PMID]
19. Gussekloo J, van Exel E, de Craen AJ, Meinders AE, Frölich M, Westendorp RG. Thyroid status, disability and cognitive function, and survival in old age. The Journal of the American Medical Association. 2004; 292(21):2591-9. [DOI:10.1001/jama.292.21.2591] [PMID]
20. Parle J, Roberts L, Wilson S, Pattison H, Roalfe A, Haque M, et al. A randomized controlled trial of the effect of thyroxine replacement on cognitive function in community-living elderly subjects with subclinical hypothyroidism: The Birmingham elderly thyroid study. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2010; 95(8):3623-32. [DOI:10.1210/jc.2009-2571] [PMID]
21. de Jongh RT, Lips P, van Schoor NM, Rijs KJ, Deeg DJ, Comijs HC, et al. Endogenous subclinical thyroid disorders, physical and cognitive function, depression, and mortality in older individuals. European Journal of Endocrinology. 2011; 165(4):545-54. [DOI:10.1530/EJE-11-0430] [PMID]
22. Delgado C, Martínez SE, Vázquez C. Cognitive deficiency in mild hypothyroidism. Neurologia. 2000; 15(5):193-8.
23. Nyström E, Caidahl K, Fager G, Wikkelsö C, Lundberg PA, Lindstedt G. A double‐blind cross‐over 12‐month study of L‐thyroxine treatment of women with ‘subclinical’ hypothyroidism. Clinical Endocrinology. 1988; 29(1):63-76. [DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2265.1988.tb00250.x] [PMID]
24. Park YJ, Lee EJ, Lee YJ, Choi SH, Park JH, Lee SB, et al. Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) is not associated with metabolic derangement, cognitive impairment, depression or poor Quality of Life (QoL) in elderly subjects. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics. 2010; 50(3):e68-73. [DOI:10.1016/j.archger.2009.05.015] [PMID]
25. Jorde R, Waterloo K, Storhaug H, Nyrnes A, Sundsfjord J, Jenssen TG. Neuropsychological function and symptoms in subjects with subclinical hypothyroidism and the effect of thyroxine treatment. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2006; 91(1):145-53. [DOI:10.1210/jc.2005-1775] [PMID]
26. Davis JD, Stern RA, Flashman LA. Cognitive and neuropsychiatric aspects of subclinical hypothyroidism: Significance in the elderly. Current Psychiatry Reports. 2003; 5(5):384-90. [DOI:10.1007/s11920-003-0073-6] [PMID]
27. Roberts LM, Pattison H, Roalfe A, Franklyn J, Wilson S, Hobbs FR, et al. Is subclinical thyroid dysfunction in the elderly associated with depression or cognitive dysfunction? Annals of Internal Medicine. 2006; 145(8):573-81. [DOI:10.7326/0003-4819-145-8-200610170-00006] [PMID]
28. Samuels MH. Cognitive function in subclinical hypothyroidism. Oxford. Oxford University Press; 2010. [DOI:10.1210/jc.2010-1242] [PMID]
29. Hugdahl K, Law I, Kyllingsbæk S, Brønnick K, Gade A, Paulson OB. Effects of attention on dichotic listening: An 15O‐PET study. Human Brain Mapping. 2000; 10(2):87-97. [DOI:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0193(200006)10:23.0.CO;2-V]
30. Zulewski H, Müller B, Exer P, Miserez AR, Staub JJ. Estimation of tissue hypothyroidism by a new clinical score: Evaluation of patients with various grades of hypothyroidism and controls. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 1997; 82(3):771-6. [DOI:10.1210/jc.82.3.771] [PMID]
31. Westerhausen R, Hugdahl K. The corpus callosum in dichotic listening studies of hemispheric asymmetry: A review of clinical and experimental evidence. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 2008; 32(5):1044-54. [DOI:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.04.005] [PMID]
32. Kimura N, Kumamoto T, Masuda H, Hanaoka T, Hazama Y, Okazaki T, et al. Relationship between thyroid hormone levels and regional cerebral blood flow in Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders. 2011; 25(2):138-43. [DOI:10.1097/WAD.0b013e3181f9aff2] [PMID]
33. Krausz Y, Freedman N, Lester H, Newman J, Barkai G, Bocher M, et al. Regional cerebral blood flow in patients with mild hypothyroidism. Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 2004; 45(10):1712-5.
34. Don M, Kwong B, Katz J. Handbook of clinical audiology. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2002.
35. Jafari Z, Toufan R, Aghamollaei M, Malayeri S, Rahimzadeh S, Esmaili M. Constructing Persian version of the Bergen dichotic listening test and its preliminary results in normal adults. Bimonthly Audiology-Tehran University of Medical Sciences. 2013; 22(3):31-41.
36. Andersson M, Llera JE, Rimol LM, Hugdahl K. Using dichotic listening to study bottom-up and top-down processing in children and adults. Child Neuropsychology. 2008; 14(5):470-9. [DOI:10.1080/09297040701756925] [PMID]
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 13 No 1 (2019) | |
| Section | Research Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.32598/JMR.13.1.39 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Cognition Attention Adults Hypothyroidism Dichotic Listening tests | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Khorasani F, Rouhbakhsh N, Geshani A, Mohajeri Tehrani MR, Qorbani M. Evaluation of Subclinical Hypothyroidism on Auditory Divided Attention. jmr. 2019;13(1):39-48.
