Structured Pattern for Parental Stress Based on Self-Conscious Affect and Family Performance of Children With Autism
,
Abstract
Introduction: Developmental disorders consist of a broad spectrum of chronic and life-long disorders resulted from mental or physical deficits; therefore, they may affect daily experiences. The current study aimed at evaluating parental stress modeling based on self-conscious affect (shame and guilt) of parents and family performance. It was considered a correlational study based on structural equations modeling.
Materials and Methods: Statistical population consisted with all mothers of children with autism spectrum disorders studied in the autistic schools in Tehran. In the current study, 250 mothers of children with autism spectrum disorders were selected by random convenience method, then they were evaluated by parental stress index-short form, test of self-conscious affect, and family performance questionnaire. Data were analyzed with SPSS version 24 and AMOS 23.
Results: Findings of the study suggested that 51% of parental stress was explained by self-conscious affect (shame and guilt) of parents as well as family performance. Also, indirect way of self-conscious affect (shame and guilt) of parents, with mediating family performance on parental stress, was supported given to maximum leveling and as general, this model was supported.
Conclusion: The current study results showed that focusing on self-conscious affect (shame and guilt) of parents as well as family performance and also emphasizing on parental stress of parents with autistic child and coping strategies may have significant effects on decreasing the stress and vulnerability of this population.
Bluth K, Roberson PN, Billen RM, Sams JM. A stress model for couples parenting children with autism spectrum disorders and the introduction of a mindfulness intervention. Journal of Family Theory & Review. 2013; 5(3):194-213. [DOI:10.1111/jftr.12015] [PMID] [PMCID]
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Manor-Benyamini I, Nator M. Terms of stress sense of coherence and hope within the Druze community of Israel. Research in Developmental Disabilities. 2016; 55:358-67. [DOI:10.1016/j.ridd.2016.05.003] [PMID]
Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstein R. A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 1983; 24(4):385-96. [DOI:10.2307/2136404] [PMID]
SitiNorIsmalina I, Ismarulyusda I, Azriani AR, NurZakiahMohd S, NormahChe D, SyarifHusin L, et al. Health and quality of life among the caregivers of children with disabilities: A review of literature. Asian Journal of Psychiatry. 2016; 23:71-7. [DOI:10.1016/j.ajp.2016.07.007] [PMID]
Findler L, Jacoby AK, Gabis L. Subjective happiness among mothers of children with disabilities: The role of stress, attachment, guilt and social support. Research in Developmental Disabilities. 2016; 55:44-54. [DOI:10.1016/j.ridd.2016.03.006] [PMID]
Manuel JC. Risk and resistance factors in the adaptation in mothers of children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of Pediatric Psychology. 2001; 26(4):237-46. [PMID]
Perry A. A model of stress in families of children with developmental disabilities: Clinical and research applications. Journal on Developmental Disabilities. 2004; 11(1):1-6.
Zou Z, Wang D. Guilt versus shame: Distinguishing the two emotions from a Chinese perspective. Social Behavior and Personality. 2009; 37(5):601-4. [DOI:10.2224/sbp.2009.37.5.601]
Stuewig J, Tangney JP, Heigel C, Harty L, McCloskey L. Shaming, blaming, and maiming: Functional links among the moral emotions, externalization of blame, and aggression. Journal of Research in Personality. 2010; 44(1):91-102. [DOI:10.1016/j.jrp.2009.12.005] [PMID] [PMCID]
Tangney JP, Wagner P, Gramzow R. Proneness to shame, proneness to guilt, and psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1992; 101(3):469-78. [PMID]
Ellingsen T, Johannesson M, Tjøtta S, Torsvik G. Testing guilt aversion. Games and Economic Behavior. 2010; 68(1):95-107. [DOI:10.1016/j.geb.2009.04.021]
Stotz SJ, Elbert T, Müller V, Schauer M. The relationship between trauma, shame, and guilt: Findings from a community-based study of refugee minors in Germany. European Journal of Psychotraumatology. 2015; 6(1):25863. [DOI:10.3402/ejpt.v6.25863] [PMID] [PMCID]
Guyard A, Michelsen SI, Arnaud C, Fauconnier J. Family adaptation to cerebral palsy in adolescents: A European multicenter study. Research in Developmental Disabilities. 2017; 61:138-50. [DOI:10.1016/j.ridd.2016.11.010] [PMID] [PMCID]
Smith TB, Oliver MNI, Innocenti MS. Parenting stress in families of children with disabilities. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 2001; 71(2):257-61. [DOI:10.1037/0002-9432.71.2.257] [PMID]
Cole DA. Out-of-home child placement and family adaptation: A theoretical framework. American Journal of Mental Deficiency. 1986; 91(3):226-36. [PMID]
Martin CA, Colbert KK. Parenting: A life span perspective. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1997.
Lustig DC. Families with an adult with mental retardation: Empirical family typologies. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin. 1997; 41(2):138-57.
Mohtashami; Ebrahimi; Ali Akbari Dehkordi M, Chime Narges. [Comparison of parental stress, satisfaction and family functioning in mothers of children with autism and normally-developing children (Persian)]. Journal of Exceptional children .2016; 16(4) 51-62.
Wakimizu R, Yamaguchi K, Fujioka H. Family empowerment and quality of life of parents raising children with developmental disabilities in 78 Japanese families. International Journal of Nursing Sciences. 2017; 4(1):38-45. [DOI:10.1016/j.ijnss.2016.12.004]
Wallander JL, Varni JW, Babani L, Banis HT, DeHaan CB, Wilcox KT. Disability parameters, chronic strain, and adaptation of physically handicapped children and their mothers. Journal of Pediatric Psychology. 1989; 14(1):23-42. [DOI:10.1093/jpepsy/14.1.23] [PMID]
Thompson Jr RJ, Gustafson KE. Adaptation to chronic childhood illness. Washington: American Psychological Association; 1996. [DOI:10.1037/10188-000]
Wallander JL, Varni JW. Adjustment in children with chronic physical disorders: Programmatic research on a disability-stress-coping model. In: La Greca AM, Siegel LJ, Wallander JL, Walker CE, editors. Advances in Pediatric Psychology. Stress and Coping in Child Health. New York City: Guilford Press; 1992.
Greenspan S. The developmental approach to family functioning: The historical background of the different ways or lenses or theories- all different ways of looking at families- A very complex process. Maryland: The Floortime Foundation; 2007.
Tangney JP, Dearing R, Wagner PE, Gramzow R. Test of Self-Conscious Affect (TOSCA)–3. Fairfax, Virginia: George Mason University Press; 1989.
Sanaiizaker B. [Scales for measuring family and marriage Second edition (Persian)]. Tehran: Besat; 2008.
Anooshei M, Poorshahryari M, Sanaiizaker B. [Examining relationship between female percept of parenting style with shame and guilty potentials in them new and research in consultancy (Persian)]. Journal of Counseling Research .2006; 7(27):20-3.
Epstein NB, Baldwin LM, Bishop DS .The McMaster family assessment device. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy. 1983; 9(2):171-80. [DOI:10.1111/j.1752-0606.1983.tb01497.x]
Ahmadi K, Khodadadi Gh, Anisi J, Abdolmohamadi E. [Problems of Families with Disabled Children (Persian)]. Journal of Military Medicine. 2011; 13(1):49-52.
Abidin RR. Parenting stress index: Professional manual. New York City: Psychological Assessment Resources; 1995.
Reitman D, Currier RO, Stickle TR. A critical evaluation of the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form (PSI-SF) in a head start population. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology. 2002; 31(3):384-92. [DOI:10.1207/S15374424JCCP3103_10] [PMID]
Yeh CH, Chen ML, Li W, Chuang HL. The Chinese version of the parenting stress index: A psychometric study. Acta Paediatrica. 2001; 90(12):1470-7. [DOI:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2001.tb01615.x]
Fadaii Z, Dehghani M, Farhadei F, Tahmasian K. [Investigating reliability, validity and factor structure of parenting stress- short form in mother`s of 7-12 year-old children (Persian)]. Research in Behavioral Sciences. 2010; 8(2):81-91.
Das S, Das B, Nath K, Dutta A, Bora P, Hazarika M. Impact of stress, coping, social support, and resilience of families having children with autism: A North East India-based study. Asian Journal of Psychiatry. 2017; 28:133-9. [DOI:10.1016/j.ajp.2017.03.040] [PMID]
Baker JK, Seltzer MM, Greenberg JS. Longitudinal effects of adaptability on behavior problems and maternal depression in families of adolescents with autism. Journal of Family Psychology.2011; 25(4):601-9. [DOI:10.1037/a0024409] [PMID] [PMCID]
Manor-Binyamini I, Nator M. Parental coping with adolescent developmental disabilities in terms of stress, sense of coherence and hope within the Druze community of Israel. Research in Developmental Disabilities. 2016; 55:358-67. [DOI:10.1016/j.ridd.2016.05.003] [PMID]
Tracy JL, Robins RW. Putting the self into self-conscious emotions: A theoretical model. Psychological Inquiry. 2004; 15(2):103-25. [DOI:10.1207/s15327965pli1502_01]
Tangney JP, Tracy JL. Self-conscious emotions. In: Leary M, Tangney JP, editors. Handbook of Self and Identity. New York City: Guilford Press; 2011.
Baumeister RF, Stillwell AM, Heatherton TF. Guilt: An interpersonal approach.1994; 115(2):243-67. [PMID]
Gilbert P, Andrews B. Shame: Interpersonal behavior, psychopathology, and culture. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1988.
Saini M, Stoddart KP, Gibson M, Morris R, Barrett D, Muskat B, et al. Couple relationships among parents of children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: Findings from a scoping review of the literature. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders. 2015; 17(1):142-57.
Hart D, Matsuba MK. The development of pride and moral life. In: Tracy JL, Robins RW, Tangney JP, editors. The Self-Conscious Emotions: Theory and Research. New York City: Guilford Press; 2007.
Tracy JL, Shariff AF, Cheng JT. A naturalist’s view of pride. Emotion Review. 2010; 2(2):163-77. [DOI:10.1177/1754073909354627]
Kaufman G. The psychology of shame: Theory and treatment of shame-based syndromes. New York City: Springer; 2004.
Bruno S, Lutwak N, Agin MA. Conceptualizations of guilt and the corresponding relationships to emotional ambivalence, self-disclosure, loneliness and alienation. Personality and Individual Differences. 2009; 47(5):487-91. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2009.04.023]
Krstić T, Mihić L, Mihić I. Stress and resolution in mothers of children with cerebral palsy. Research in Developmental Disabilities. 2015; 47:135-43. [DOI:10.1016/j.ridd.2015.09.009] [PMID]
Manor-Benyamini I, Nator M. Terms of stress sense of coherence and hope within the Druze community of Israel. Research in Developmental Disabilities. 2016; 55:358-67. [DOI:10.1016/j.ridd.2016.05.003] [PMID]
Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstein R. A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 1983; 24(4):385-96. [DOI:10.2307/2136404] [PMID]
SitiNorIsmalina I, Ismarulyusda I, Azriani AR, NurZakiahMohd S, NormahChe D, SyarifHusin L, et al. Health and quality of life among the caregivers of children with disabilities: A review of literature. Asian Journal of Psychiatry. 2016; 23:71-7. [DOI:10.1016/j.ajp.2016.07.007] [PMID]
Findler L, Jacoby AK, Gabis L. Subjective happiness among mothers of children with disabilities: The role of stress, attachment, guilt and social support. Research in Developmental Disabilities. 2016; 55:44-54. [DOI:10.1016/j.ridd.2016.03.006] [PMID]
Manuel JC. Risk and resistance factors in the adaptation in mothers of children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of Pediatric Psychology. 2001; 26(4):237-46. [PMID]
Perry A. A model of stress in families of children with developmental disabilities: Clinical and research applications. Journal on Developmental Disabilities. 2004; 11(1):1-6.
Zou Z, Wang D. Guilt versus shame: Distinguishing the two emotions from a Chinese perspective. Social Behavior and Personality. 2009; 37(5):601-4. [DOI:10.2224/sbp.2009.37.5.601]
Stuewig J, Tangney JP, Heigel C, Harty L, McCloskey L. Shaming, blaming, and maiming: Functional links among the moral emotions, externalization of blame, and aggression. Journal of Research in Personality. 2010; 44(1):91-102. [DOI:10.1016/j.jrp.2009.12.005] [PMID] [PMCID]
Tangney JP, Wagner P, Gramzow R. Proneness to shame, proneness to guilt, and psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1992; 101(3):469-78. [PMID]
Ellingsen T, Johannesson M, Tjøtta S, Torsvik G. Testing guilt aversion. Games and Economic Behavior. 2010; 68(1):95-107. [DOI:10.1016/j.geb.2009.04.021]
Stotz SJ, Elbert T, Müller V, Schauer M. The relationship between trauma, shame, and guilt: Findings from a community-based study of refugee minors in Germany. European Journal of Psychotraumatology. 2015; 6(1):25863. [DOI:10.3402/ejpt.v6.25863] [PMID] [PMCID]
Guyard A, Michelsen SI, Arnaud C, Fauconnier J. Family adaptation to cerebral palsy in adolescents: A European multicenter study. Research in Developmental Disabilities. 2017; 61:138-50. [DOI:10.1016/j.ridd.2016.11.010] [PMID] [PMCID]
Smith TB, Oliver MNI, Innocenti MS. Parenting stress in families of children with disabilities. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 2001; 71(2):257-61. [DOI:10.1037/0002-9432.71.2.257] [PMID]
Cole DA. Out-of-home child placement and family adaptation: A theoretical framework. American Journal of Mental Deficiency. 1986; 91(3):226-36. [PMID]
Martin CA, Colbert KK. Parenting: A life span perspective. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1997.
Lustig DC. Families with an adult with mental retardation: Empirical family typologies. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin. 1997; 41(2):138-57.
Mohtashami; Ebrahimi; Ali Akbari Dehkordi M, Chime Narges. [Comparison of parental stress, satisfaction and family functioning in mothers of children with autism and normally-developing children (Persian)]. Journal of Exceptional children .2016; 16(4) 51-62.
Wakimizu R, Yamaguchi K, Fujioka H. Family empowerment and quality of life of parents raising children with developmental disabilities in 78 Japanese families. International Journal of Nursing Sciences. 2017; 4(1):38-45. [DOI:10.1016/j.ijnss.2016.12.004]
Wallander JL, Varni JW, Babani L, Banis HT, DeHaan CB, Wilcox KT. Disability parameters, chronic strain, and adaptation of physically handicapped children and their mothers. Journal of Pediatric Psychology. 1989; 14(1):23-42. [DOI:10.1093/jpepsy/14.1.23] [PMID]
Thompson Jr RJ, Gustafson KE. Adaptation to chronic childhood illness. Washington: American Psychological Association; 1996. [DOI:10.1037/10188-000]
Wallander JL, Varni JW. Adjustment in children with chronic physical disorders: Programmatic research on a disability-stress-coping model. In: La Greca AM, Siegel LJ, Wallander JL, Walker CE, editors. Advances in Pediatric Psychology. Stress and Coping in Child Health. New York City: Guilford Press; 1992.
Greenspan S. The developmental approach to family functioning: The historical background of the different ways or lenses or theories- all different ways of looking at families- A very complex process. Maryland: The Floortime Foundation; 2007.
Tangney JP, Dearing R, Wagner PE, Gramzow R. Test of Self-Conscious Affect (TOSCA)–3. Fairfax, Virginia: George Mason University Press; 1989.
Sanaiizaker B. [Scales for measuring family and marriage Second edition (Persian)]. Tehran: Besat; 2008.
Anooshei M, Poorshahryari M, Sanaiizaker B. [Examining relationship between female percept of parenting style with shame and guilty potentials in them new and research in consultancy (Persian)]. Journal of Counseling Research .2006; 7(27):20-3.
Epstein NB, Baldwin LM, Bishop DS .The McMaster family assessment device. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy. 1983; 9(2):171-80. [DOI:10.1111/j.1752-0606.1983.tb01497.x]
Ahmadi K, Khodadadi Gh, Anisi J, Abdolmohamadi E. [Problems of Families with Disabled Children (Persian)]. Journal of Military Medicine. 2011; 13(1):49-52.
Abidin RR. Parenting stress index: Professional manual. New York City: Psychological Assessment Resources; 1995.
Reitman D, Currier RO, Stickle TR. A critical evaluation of the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form (PSI-SF) in a head start population. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology. 2002; 31(3):384-92. [DOI:10.1207/S15374424JCCP3103_10] [PMID]
Yeh CH, Chen ML, Li W, Chuang HL. The Chinese version of the parenting stress index: A psychometric study. Acta Paediatrica. 2001; 90(12):1470-7. [DOI:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2001.tb01615.x]
Fadaii Z, Dehghani M, Farhadei F, Tahmasian K. [Investigating reliability, validity and factor structure of parenting stress- short form in mother`s of 7-12 year-old children (Persian)]. Research in Behavioral Sciences. 2010; 8(2):81-91.
Das S, Das B, Nath K, Dutta A, Bora P, Hazarika M. Impact of stress, coping, social support, and resilience of families having children with autism: A North East India-based study. Asian Journal of Psychiatry. 2017; 28:133-9. [DOI:10.1016/j.ajp.2017.03.040] [PMID]
Baker JK, Seltzer MM, Greenberg JS. Longitudinal effects of adaptability on behavior problems and maternal depression in families of adolescents with autism. Journal of Family Psychology.2011; 25(4):601-9. [DOI:10.1037/a0024409] [PMID] [PMCID]
Manor-Binyamini I, Nator M. Parental coping with adolescent developmental disabilities in terms of stress, sense of coherence and hope within the Druze community of Israel. Research in Developmental Disabilities. 2016; 55:358-67. [DOI:10.1016/j.ridd.2016.05.003] [PMID]
Tracy JL, Robins RW. Putting the self into self-conscious emotions: A theoretical model. Psychological Inquiry. 2004; 15(2):103-25. [DOI:10.1207/s15327965pli1502_01]
Tangney JP, Tracy JL. Self-conscious emotions. In: Leary M, Tangney JP, editors. Handbook of Self and Identity. New York City: Guilford Press; 2011.
Baumeister RF, Stillwell AM, Heatherton TF. Guilt: An interpersonal approach.1994; 115(2):243-67. [PMID]
Gilbert P, Andrews B. Shame: Interpersonal behavior, psychopathology, and culture. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1988.
Saini M, Stoddart KP, Gibson M, Morris R, Barrett D, Muskat B, et al. Couple relationships among parents of children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: Findings from a scoping review of the literature. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders. 2015; 17(1):142-57.
Hart D, Matsuba MK. The development of pride and moral life. In: Tracy JL, Robins RW, Tangney JP, editors. The Self-Conscious Emotions: Theory and Research. New York City: Guilford Press; 2007.
Tracy JL, Shariff AF, Cheng JT. A naturalist’s view of pride. Emotion Review. 2010; 2(2):163-77. [DOI:10.1177/1754073909354627]
Kaufman G. The psychology of shame: Theory and treatment of shame-based syndromes. New York City: Springer; 2004.
Bruno S, Lutwak N, Agin MA. Conceptualizations of guilt and the corresponding relationships to emotional ambivalence, self-disclosure, loneliness and alienation. Personality and Individual Differences. 2009; 47(5):487-91. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2009.04.023]
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 12 No 3 (2018) | |
| Section | Research Article(s) | |
| Keywords | ||
| Parental stress Shame & guilty feeling Family performance Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Kalantar Ghoreishi M, Asadzadeh H, Abolmaali Hosseini K. Structured Pattern for Parental Stress Based on Self-Conscious Affect and Family Performance of Children With Autism. jmr. 2019;12(3):201-208.
