Effects of Computerized Vision Therapy on Developmental Eye Movement Test Test Performance in Children with Poor Reading Skills: A Pre Post Study
-
Enayatollah Osroosh
,
Saeed Rahmani
,
Ebrahim Jafarzadehpour
,
Haleh Kangari
,
Mohammad Reza Talebnejad
,
Ali Reza Akbarzade Baghban
,
Saeedeh Hoseinmenni
Abstract
Background: Reading difficulties in school-aged children are frequently associated with oculomotor deficits, including prolonged fixation durations, increased saccade frequency, and frequent refixations. Given the critical role of eye movements in fluent reading, early diagnosis and targeted intervention are essential to mitigate adverse academic, social, and economic outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate pre‑post changes in Developmental Eye Movement test (DEM) test performance following a structured oculomotor training program, delivered via the Sanet Vision Integrator(SVI) system, in Iranian primary school children with reading difficulties.
Material and Methods:This single-group, pre- and post-intervention study included children recruited from primary schools in Shiraz, Iran.Training sessions of 30 minutes, incorporating saccadic and tracking exercises, were conducted three times weekly. Outcomes were assessed before and after the intervention using the DEM test.
Results: Thirty-two children aged 7–12 years with abnormal DEM scores and teacher-reported reading weaknesses participated in a 12-week intervention program. Paired t-tests revealed statistically significant improvements in vertical time, adjusted horizontal time, ratio and total errors following the intervention ( all p < 0.001), with post-treatmentt means closley approximating age-mached normative value across all age groups.
Conclusion: Oculomotor training using the SVI system was associated with improved DEM test performance in children with reading difficulties. However, the absence of a control group limits causal interpretation, as improvements may reflect practice effects, maturation, or non-specific factors. Randomized controlled trials with standardized reading assessments are needed to determine whether such training produces functional reading improvements.
1. Li Y, Li Q, Zheng J, Zeng X, Shen T, Chen Q, et al. Prevalence and trends in diagnosed learning disability among US children and adolescents from 1997 to 2021. JAMA pediatrics. 2023;177(9):969-72.
2. Yang L, Li C, Li X, Zhai M, An Q, Zhang Y, et al. Prevalence of developmental dyslexia in primary school children: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain sciences. 2022;12(2):240.
3. Feng Y, Liu Q, Xie X, Jiang Q, Zhu K, Xiao P, et al. The prevalence and associated risk factors of children with reading disabilities in a multiethnic city: A cross-sectional study. Frontiers in pediatrics. 2022;10:864175.
4. Holakouee A, Aghaz A, Fard RM. The Prevalence of Learning Disabilities among Elementary School Children in Iran from 1990 to 2025: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Modern Rehabilitation. 2025.
5. Prabha AJ, Bhargavi R. Predictive model for dyslexia from fixations and saccadic eye movement events. Computer Methods
Programs in Biomedicine. 2020;195:105538.
6. Ward LM, Kapoula Z. Dyslexics’ fragile oculomotor control is further destabilized by increased text difficulty. Brain Sciences. 2021;11(8):990.
7. Eden G, Stein J, Wood H, Wood F. Differences in eye movements and reading problems in dyslexic and normal children. Vision research. 1994;34(10):1345-58.
8. Rayner K. Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research. Psychological bulletin. 1998;124(3):372.
9. Marandi RZ, Sabzpoushan SH. Using eye movement analysis to study auditory effects on visual memory recall. Basic
clinical neuroscience. 2014;5(1):55.
10. Tekbudak ZS, Purmohammad M, Özkan A, Acartürk C. The PSR corpus: A Persian sentence reading corpus of eye movements. Behavior Research Methods. 2024;57(1):14.
11. Garzia RP, Borsting EJ, Nicholson SB, Press LJ, Scheiman MM, Solan HA. Optometric Clinical Practice Guideline: Care of the patient with learning related vision problems. St Louis:: American Optometric Association; 2008. 7-8 p.
12. Tanke N, Barsingerhorn AD, Boonstra FN, Goossens J. Visual fixations rather than saccades dominate the developmental eye movement test. Scientific Reports. 2021;11(1):1162.
13. Facchin A. Spotlight on the developmental eye movement (DEM) test. Clinical Optometry. 2021:73-81.
14. Moiroud L, Gerard CL, Peyre H, Bucci MP. Developmental Eye Movement test and dyslexic children: A pilot study with eye movement recordings. PLoS One. 2018;13(9):e0200907.
15. Kapoor N, Ciuffreda KJ. Assessment of neuro-optometric rehabilitation using the Developmental Eye Movement (DEM) test in adults with acquired brain injury. Journal of optometry. 2018;11(2):103-12.
16. Bucci MP, Carzola B, Fiucci G, Potente C, Caruso L, Medecine. Computer based oculomotor training improves reading abilities in dyslexic children: Results from a pilot study. Sports Injuries. 2018.
17. Facchin A, Maffioletti S, Maffioletti M, Esposito G, Bonetti M, Girelli L, et al. Oculomotor Training Improves Reading and Associated Cognitive Functions in Children with Learning Difficulties: A Pilot Study. Vision. 2025;9(4):83.
18. Gallaway M, Scheiman M, Mitchell GL. Vision therapy for post-concussion vision disorders. Optometry
vision science. 2017;94(1):68-73.
19. Bucci MP. Visual training could be useful for improving reading capabilities in dyslexia. Applied Neuropsychology. 2021;10(3):199-208.
20. Jafarlou F, Jarollahi F, Ahadi M, Sadeghi-Firoozabadi V, Haghani H. Oculomotor rehabilitation in children with dyslexia. Medical journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran. 2017;31:125.
21. Cooper J. Review of computerized orthoptics with specific regard to convergence insufficiency. Am J Optom Physiol Opt. 1988;65(6):455-63.
22. Ibrahimi D, Aviles M, Rodríguez-Reséndiz J. Oculomotor Patterns in Children with Poor Reading Abilities Measured Using the Development Eye Movement Test. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2024;13(15):4415.
23. Pocock SJ. Clinical trials: a practical approach: John Wiley & Sons; 2013.
24. Goodall E, Moore J, Moore T. The estimation of approximate sample size requirements necessary for clinical and epidemiological studies in vision sciences. Eye. 2009;23(7):1589-97.
25. Scheiman M, Wick B. Clinical management of binocular vision: heterophoric, accommodative, and eye movement disorders: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2008.
26. Richman J. Developmental Eye Movement Test, Examiner’s manual, version 2.0. . South Bend: Bernell Corp; 2009.
27. Ayton LN, Abel LA, Fricke TR, McBrien NA, science v. Developmental eye movement test: what is it really measuring? Optometry. 2009;86(6):722-30.
28. Palomo-Álvarez C, Puell MC. Relationship between oculomotor scanning determined by the DEM test and a contextual reading test in schoolchildren with reading difficulties. Archive for Clinical
Experimental Ophthalmology. 2009;247:1243-9.
29. López-de-la-Fuente C, Saz-Onrubia E, Orduna-Hospital E, Sánchez-Cano A. Comparison of two visual-verbal tests of ocular motility using an eye-tracker. Journal of optometry. 2024;17(4):100517.
30. Garzia RP, Richman JE, Nicholson SB, Gaines CS. A new visual-verbal saccade test: the development eye movement test (DEM). Journal of the American Optometric Association. 1990;61(2):124-35.
31. Facchin A, Maffioletti S. The reliability of the DEM test in the clinical environment. Frontiers in psychology. 2018;9:1279.
32. Sanet R, RK B. Sanet vision Integrator user manual. Grand Canyon, AZ: HTS Inc; 2010.
33. Richman JE, Garzia RP. Developmental Eye Movement Test (DEM): Version 1,: Bernell; 1987.
34. Rouse MW, Nestor EM, Parot CJ, DeLAND PN. A reevaluation of the Developmental Eye Movement (DEM) test’s repeatability. Optometry
vision science. 2004;81(12):934-8.
35. Scolari M, Seidl-Rathkopf KN, Kastner S. Functions of the human frontoparietal attention network: Evidence from neuroimaging. Current opinion in behavioral sciences. 2015;1:32-9.
36. Perdue MV, Mahaffy K, Vlahcevic K, Wolfman E, Erbeli F, Richlan F, et al. Reading intervention and neuroplasticity: A systematic review and meta-analysis of brain changes associated with reading intervention. Neuroscience. 2022;132:465-94.
37. Dehaene S, Cohen L. Cultural recycling of cortical maps. J Neuron. 2007;56(2):384-98.
38. Takashima A, Wagensveld B, Van Turennout M, Zwitserlood P, Hagoort P, Verhoeven L. Training-induced neural plasticity in visual-word decoding and the role of syllables. J Neuropsychologia. 2014;61:299-314.
39. Powell D, Stainthorp R, Stuart M, Garwood H, Quinlan P. An experimental comparison between rival theories of rapid automatized naming performance and its relationship to reading. Journal of experimental child psychology. 2007;98(1):46-68.
40. Ptak R, Müri RM. The parietal cortex and saccade planning: lessons from human lesion studies. Frontiers in human neuroscience. 2013;7:254.
41. Wu Y, Wang J, Zhang Y, Zheng D, Zhang J, Rong M, et al. The neuroanatomical basis for posterior superior parietal lobule control lateralization of visuospatial attention. Frontiers in neuroanatomy. 2016;10:32.
42. Tassinari J, DeLand P. Developmental eye movement test: reliability and symptomatology. Optometry-Journal of the American Optometric Association. 2005;76(7):387-99.
43. Heick JD, Bay C, McLeod TCV. Evaluation of vertical and horizontal saccades using the developmental eye movement test compared to the King-Devick test. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy. 2018;13(5):808.
44. Sa KB. Oculomotor training improves reading eye movement. 2017.
45. Murray NP, Hunfalvay M, Roberts C-M, Tyagi A, Whittaker J, Noel C. Oculomotor training for poor saccades improves functional vision scores and neurobehavioral symptoms. Archives of Rehabilitation Research
Clinical Translation. 2021;3(2):100126.
46. Ward LM, Kapoula Z. Differential diagnosis of vergence and saccade disorders in dyslexia. Scientific Reports. 2020;10(1):22116.
47. Orlansky G, Hopkins KB, Mitchell GL, Huang K, Frazier M, Heyman C, et al. Reliability of the developmental eye movement test. Optometry
Vision Science. 2011;88(12):1507-19.
48. Serdjukova J, Ekimane L, Valeinis J, Skilters J, Krumina G. How strong and weak readers perform on the Developmental Eye Movement test (DEM): norms for Latvian school-aged children. Reading
Writing. 2017;30(2):233-52.
49. Corbetta M, Kincade JM, Shulman GL. Neural systems for visual orienting and their relationships to spatial working memory. Journal of cognitive neuroscience. 2002;14(3):508-23.
50. Wu D, Deng H, Xiao X, Zuo Y, Sun J, Wang Z. Persistent neuronal activity in anterior cingulate cortex correlates with sustained attention in rats regardless of sensory modality. Scientific reports. 2017;7(1):43101.
51. Larter S, Herse P, Naduvilath T, Dain S. Spatial load factor in prediction of reading performance. Ophthalmic
Physiological Optics. 2004;24(5):440-9.
52. Hoffman JE, Subramaniam B. The role of visual attention in saccadic eye movements. Perception
psychophysics. 1995;57(6):787-95.
53. Portnoy A, Gilaie-Dotan S. Oculomotor-related measures are predictive of reading acquisition in first grade early readers. Vision. 2025;9(2):48.
54. Palomo-Alvarez C, Puell MC. Accommodative function in school children with reading difficulties. Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology. 2008;246(12):1769-74.
55. Jafarlou F. Oculomotor Rehabilitation Improves Reading Abilities in Dyslexic Children With Concurrent Eye Movement Abnormalities. Clinical Pediatrics. 2024;63(9):1276-86.
56. Hussaindeen JR, Shah P, Ramani KK, Ramanujan L. Efficacy of vision therapy in children with learning disability and associated binocular vision anomalies. Journal of optometry. 2018;11(1):40-8.
57. Ebrahimi L, Pouretemad H, Khatibi A, Stein J. Magnocellular based visual motion training improves reading in Persian. Scientific reports. 2019;9(1):1142.
58. Sharif Z, Mirzajani A, Jafarzadehpur E. Prevalence of convergence insufficiency in a population of university students. Journal of Paramedical Sciences
Rehabilitation. 2014;3(1):47-52.
59. Falahati H, Soltani A, Kamiabi M, Manzari-Tavakoli H. The Effectiveness of Convergence, Adaptive Ease, and Saccade Movements on the Reading Ability of Primary School Students with Dyslexia: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Journal of Research in Rehabilitation Sciences. 2021;17(1):44-52.
60. Joo SJ, White AL, Strodtman DJ, Yeatman JD. Optimizing text for an individual's visual system: The contribution of visual crowding to reading difficulties. Cortex. 2018;103:291-301.
61. Bonilla-Warford N, Allison C. A Review of the Efficacy of Oculomotor Vision Therapy in Improving Reading Skills. Journal of Optometric Vision Development. 2004;35(2).
62. Biscaldi M, Gezeck S, Stuhr V. Poor saccadic control correlates with dyslexia. Neuropsychologia. 1998;36(11):1189-202.
63. Franzen L, Stark Z, Johnson AP. Individuals with dyslexia use a different visual sampling strategy to read text. Scientific reports. 2021;11(1):6449.
64. Ebrahimi L, Pouretemad H, Stein J, Alizadeh E, Khatibi A. Enhanced reading abilities is modulated by faster visual spatial attention. Annals of Dyslexia. 2022;72(1):125-46.
65. Tahmasbi T, Nejati V, Ghssemi Broumand M, Tabatabaee SM. Effect of basic visual functions rehabilitation on reading ability in dyslexic children. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 2014;3(1):32-41.
66. Caldani S, Gerard C-L, Peyre H, Bucci MP. Visual attentional training improves reading capabilities in children with dyslexia: An eye tracker study during a reading task. Brain sciences. 2020;10(8):558.
67. Peters JL, De Losa L, Bavin EL, Crewther SG. Efficacy of dynamic visuo-attentional interventions for reading in dyslexic and neurotypical children: A systematic review. Neuroscience
Biobehavioral Reviews. 2019;100:58-76.
68. Strandberg A, Nilsson M, Östberg P, Seimyr GÖ, editors. Eye movements are stable predictors of word reading ability in young readers. Frontiers in Education; 2023: Frontiers Media SA.
2. Yang L, Li C, Li X, Zhai M, An Q, Zhang Y, et al. Prevalence of developmental dyslexia in primary school children: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain sciences. 2022;12(2):240.
3. Feng Y, Liu Q, Xie X, Jiang Q, Zhu K, Xiao P, et al. The prevalence and associated risk factors of children with reading disabilities in a multiethnic city: A cross-sectional study. Frontiers in pediatrics. 2022;10:864175.
4. Holakouee A, Aghaz A, Fard RM. The Prevalence of Learning Disabilities among Elementary School Children in Iran from 1990 to 2025: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Modern Rehabilitation. 2025.
5. Prabha AJ, Bhargavi R. Predictive model for dyslexia from fixations and saccadic eye movement events. Computer Methods
Programs in Biomedicine. 2020;195:105538.
6. Ward LM, Kapoula Z. Dyslexics’ fragile oculomotor control is further destabilized by increased text difficulty. Brain Sciences. 2021;11(8):990.
7. Eden G, Stein J, Wood H, Wood F. Differences in eye movements and reading problems in dyslexic and normal children. Vision research. 1994;34(10):1345-58.
8. Rayner K. Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research. Psychological bulletin. 1998;124(3):372.
9. Marandi RZ, Sabzpoushan SH. Using eye movement analysis to study auditory effects on visual memory recall. Basic
clinical neuroscience. 2014;5(1):55.
10. Tekbudak ZS, Purmohammad M, Özkan A, Acartürk C. The PSR corpus: A Persian sentence reading corpus of eye movements. Behavior Research Methods. 2024;57(1):14.
11. Garzia RP, Borsting EJ, Nicholson SB, Press LJ, Scheiman MM, Solan HA. Optometric Clinical Practice Guideline: Care of the patient with learning related vision problems. St Louis:: American Optometric Association; 2008. 7-8 p.
12. Tanke N, Barsingerhorn AD, Boonstra FN, Goossens J. Visual fixations rather than saccades dominate the developmental eye movement test. Scientific Reports. 2021;11(1):1162.
13. Facchin A. Spotlight on the developmental eye movement (DEM) test. Clinical Optometry. 2021:73-81.
14. Moiroud L, Gerard CL, Peyre H, Bucci MP. Developmental Eye Movement test and dyslexic children: A pilot study with eye movement recordings. PLoS One. 2018;13(9):e0200907.
15. Kapoor N, Ciuffreda KJ. Assessment of neuro-optometric rehabilitation using the Developmental Eye Movement (DEM) test in adults with acquired brain injury. Journal of optometry. 2018;11(2):103-12.
16. Bucci MP, Carzola B, Fiucci G, Potente C, Caruso L, Medecine. Computer based oculomotor training improves reading abilities in dyslexic children: Results from a pilot study. Sports Injuries. 2018.
17. Facchin A, Maffioletti S, Maffioletti M, Esposito G, Bonetti M, Girelli L, et al. Oculomotor Training Improves Reading and Associated Cognitive Functions in Children with Learning Difficulties: A Pilot Study. Vision. 2025;9(4):83.
18. Gallaway M, Scheiman M, Mitchell GL. Vision therapy for post-concussion vision disorders. Optometry
vision science. 2017;94(1):68-73.
19. Bucci MP. Visual training could be useful for improving reading capabilities in dyslexia. Applied Neuropsychology. 2021;10(3):199-208.
20. Jafarlou F, Jarollahi F, Ahadi M, Sadeghi-Firoozabadi V, Haghani H. Oculomotor rehabilitation in children with dyslexia. Medical journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran. 2017;31:125.
21. Cooper J. Review of computerized orthoptics with specific regard to convergence insufficiency. Am J Optom Physiol Opt. 1988;65(6):455-63.
22. Ibrahimi D, Aviles M, Rodríguez-Reséndiz J. Oculomotor Patterns in Children with Poor Reading Abilities Measured Using the Development Eye Movement Test. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2024;13(15):4415.
23. Pocock SJ. Clinical trials: a practical approach: John Wiley & Sons; 2013.
24. Goodall E, Moore J, Moore T. The estimation of approximate sample size requirements necessary for clinical and epidemiological studies in vision sciences. Eye. 2009;23(7):1589-97.
25. Scheiman M, Wick B. Clinical management of binocular vision: heterophoric, accommodative, and eye movement disorders: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2008.
26. Richman J. Developmental Eye Movement Test, Examiner’s manual, version 2.0. . South Bend: Bernell Corp; 2009.
27. Ayton LN, Abel LA, Fricke TR, McBrien NA, science v. Developmental eye movement test: what is it really measuring? Optometry. 2009;86(6):722-30.
28. Palomo-Álvarez C, Puell MC. Relationship between oculomotor scanning determined by the DEM test and a contextual reading test in schoolchildren with reading difficulties. Archive for Clinical
Experimental Ophthalmology. 2009;247:1243-9.
29. López-de-la-Fuente C, Saz-Onrubia E, Orduna-Hospital E, Sánchez-Cano A. Comparison of two visual-verbal tests of ocular motility using an eye-tracker. Journal of optometry. 2024;17(4):100517.
30. Garzia RP, Richman JE, Nicholson SB, Gaines CS. A new visual-verbal saccade test: the development eye movement test (DEM). Journal of the American Optometric Association. 1990;61(2):124-35.
31. Facchin A, Maffioletti S. The reliability of the DEM test in the clinical environment. Frontiers in psychology. 2018;9:1279.
32. Sanet R, RK B. Sanet vision Integrator user manual. Grand Canyon, AZ: HTS Inc; 2010.
33. Richman JE, Garzia RP. Developmental Eye Movement Test (DEM): Version 1,: Bernell; 1987.
34. Rouse MW, Nestor EM, Parot CJ, DeLAND PN. A reevaluation of the Developmental Eye Movement (DEM) test’s repeatability. Optometry
vision science. 2004;81(12):934-8.
35. Scolari M, Seidl-Rathkopf KN, Kastner S. Functions of the human frontoparietal attention network: Evidence from neuroimaging. Current opinion in behavioral sciences. 2015;1:32-9.
36. Perdue MV, Mahaffy K, Vlahcevic K, Wolfman E, Erbeli F, Richlan F, et al. Reading intervention and neuroplasticity: A systematic review and meta-analysis of brain changes associated with reading intervention. Neuroscience. 2022;132:465-94.
37. Dehaene S, Cohen L. Cultural recycling of cortical maps. J Neuron. 2007;56(2):384-98.
38. Takashima A, Wagensveld B, Van Turennout M, Zwitserlood P, Hagoort P, Verhoeven L. Training-induced neural plasticity in visual-word decoding and the role of syllables. J Neuropsychologia. 2014;61:299-314.
39. Powell D, Stainthorp R, Stuart M, Garwood H, Quinlan P. An experimental comparison between rival theories of rapid automatized naming performance and its relationship to reading. Journal of experimental child psychology. 2007;98(1):46-68.
40. Ptak R, Müri RM. The parietal cortex and saccade planning: lessons from human lesion studies. Frontiers in human neuroscience. 2013;7:254.
41. Wu Y, Wang J, Zhang Y, Zheng D, Zhang J, Rong M, et al. The neuroanatomical basis for posterior superior parietal lobule control lateralization of visuospatial attention. Frontiers in neuroanatomy. 2016;10:32.
42. Tassinari J, DeLand P. Developmental eye movement test: reliability and symptomatology. Optometry-Journal of the American Optometric Association. 2005;76(7):387-99.
43. Heick JD, Bay C, McLeod TCV. Evaluation of vertical and horizontal saccades using the developmental eye movement test compared to the King-Devick test. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy. 2018;13(5):808.
44. Sa KB. Oculomotor training improves reading eye movement. 2017.
45. Murray NP, Hunfalvay M, Roberts C-M, Tyagi A, Whittaker J, Noel C. Oculomotor training for poor saccades improves functional vision scores and neurobehavioral symptoms. Archives of Rehabilitation Research
Clinical Translation. 2021;3(2):100126.
46. Ward LM, Kapoula Z. Differential diagnosis of vergence and saccade disorders in dyslexia. Scientific Reports. 2020;10(1):22116.
47. Orlansky G, Hopkins KB, Mitchell GL, Huang K, Frazier M, Heyman C, et al. Reliability of the developmental eye movement test. Optometry
Vision Science. 2011;88(12):1507-19.
48. Serdjukova J, Ekimane L, Valeinis J, Skilters J, Krumina G. How strong and weak readers perform on the Developmental Eye Movement test (DEM): norms for Latvian school-aged children. Reading
Writing. 2017;30(2):233-52.
49. Corbetta M, Kincade JM, Shulman GL. Neural systems for visual orienting and their relationships to spatial working memory. Journal of cognitive neuroscience. 2002;14(3):508-23.
50. Wu D, Deng H, Xiao X, Zuo Y, Sun J, Wang Z. Persistent neuronal activity in anterior cingulate cortex correlates with sustained attention in rats regardless of sensory modality. Scientific reports. 2017;7(1):43101.
51. Larter S, Herse P, Naduvilath T, Dain S. Spatial load factor in prediction of reading performance. Ophthalmic
Physiological Optics. 2004;24(5):440-9.
52. Hoffman JE, Subramaniam B. The role of visual attention in saccadic eye movements. Perception
psychophysics. 1995;57(6):787-95.
53. Portnoy A, Gilaie-Dotan S. Oculomotor-related measures are predictive of reading acquisition in first grade early readers. Vision. 2025;9(2):48.
54. Palomo-Alvarez C, Puell MC. Accommodative function in school children with reading difficulties. Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology. 2008;246(12):1769-74.
55. Jafarlou F. Oculomotor Rehabilitation Improves Reading Abilities in Dyslexic Children With Concurrent Eye Movement Abnormalities. Clinical Pediatrics. 2024;63(9):1276-86.
56. Hussaindeen JR, Shah P, Ramani KK, Ramanujan L. Efficacy of vision therapy in children with learning disability and associated binocular vision anomalies. Journal of optometry. 2018;11(1):40-8.
57. Ebrahimi L, Pouretemad H, Khatibi A, Stein J. Magnocellular based visual motion training improves reading in Persian. Scientific reports. 2019;9(1):1142.
58. Sharif Z, Mirzajani A, Jafarzadehpur E. Prevalence of convergence insufficiency in a population of university students. Journal of Paramedical Sciences
Rehabilitation. 2014;3(1):47-52.
59. Falahati H, Soltani A, Kamiabi M, Manzari-Tavakoli H. The Effectiveness of Convergence, Adaptive Ease, and Saccade Movements on the Reading Ability of Primary School Students with Dyslexia: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Journal of Research in Rehabilitation Sciences. 2021;17(1):44-52.
60. Joo SJ, White AL, Strodtman DJ, Yeatman JD. Optimizing text for an individual's visual system: The contribution of visual crowding to reading difficulties. Cortex. 2018;103:291-301.
61. Bonilla-Warford N, Allison C. A Review of the Efficacy of Oculomotor Vision Therapy in Improving Reading Skills. Journal of Optometric Vision Development. 2004;35(2).
62. Biscaldi M, Gezeck S, Stuhr V. Poor saccadic control correlates with dyslexia. Neuropsychologia. 1998;36(11):1189-202.
63. Franzen L, Stark Z, Johnson AP. Individuals with dyslexia use a different visual sampling strategy to read text. Scientific reports. 2021;11(1):6449.
64. Ebrahimi L, Pouretemad H, Stein J, Alizadeh E, Khatibi A. Enhanced reading abilities is modulated by faster visual spatial attention. Annals of Dyslexia. 2022;72(1):125-46.
65. Tahmasbi T, Nejati V, Ghssemi Broumand M, Tabatabaee SM. Effect of basic visual functions rehabilitation on reading ability in dyslexic children. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 2014;3(1):32-41.
66. Caldani S, Gerard C-L, Peyre H, Bucci MP. Visual attentional training improves reading capabilities in children with dyslexia: An eye tracker study during a reading task. Brain sciences. 2020;10(8):558.
67. Peters JL, De Losa L, Bavin EL, Crewther SG. Efficacy of dynamic visuo-attentional interventions for reading in dyslexic and neurotypical children: A systematic review. Neuroscience
Biobehavioral Reviews. 2019;100:58-76.
68. Strandberg A, Nilsson M, Östberg P, Seimyr GÖ, editors. Eye movements are stable predictors of word reading ability in young readers. Frontiers in Education; 2023: Frontiers Media SA.
| Issue | Articles in Press | |
| Section | Research Article(s) | |
| Keywords | ||
| Developmental eye movement test; Oculomotor training; Reading; Vision therapy; Saccade | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
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How to Cite
1.
Osroosh E, Rahmani S, Jafarzadehpour E, Kangari H, Talebnejad MR, Akbarzade Baghban AR, Hoseinmenni S. Effects of Computerized Vision Therapy on Developmental Eye Movement Test Test Performance in Children with Poor Reading Skills: A Pre Post Study. jmr. 2026;(-).
