Investigating Dynamic Temporal and Tactile Cueing Efficacy in Stroke Patients with Apraxia of Speech: A Study Protocol with Single Subject Design
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Abstract
Background: To introduce Dynamic Temporal and Tactile Cueing (DTTC), which is one of the treatment methods for Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS), and it seems the characteristics make it a suitable option for the treatment of AOS patients. Additionally, no documented treatment protocol has been published in Iran for the treatment of AOS patients so far, so this study protocol intends to investigate the DTTC efficacy in the treatment of Persian-speaking patients with acquired AOS who will be allocated to this study using a non-probability and convenience method.
Material and Methods: A single subject study with multiple baseline design across participants was designed to obtain detailed information about intervention procedure on at least three participants' performance and a perceptual scoring system was introduced to measure the accuracy of treated and untreated words and phrases as a dependent variable.
Conclusions: This study describes the first research for investigating efficacy of DTTC on AOS patients' speech and the first treatment protocol in the field of treating Persian-speaking patients with AOS.
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4. Maas E, Butalla CE, Farinella KA. Feedback Frequency in Treatment for Childhood Apraxia of Speech. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology. 2012;21(3):239-57.
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7. Wambaugh JL, Nessler C, Cameron R, Mauszycki SC. Treatment for Acquired Apraxia of Speech: Examination of Treatment Intensity and Practice Schedule. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology. 2013;22(1):84-102.
8. Ballard KJ, Wambaugh JL, Duffy JR, Layfield C, Maas E, Mauszycki S, et al. Treatment for Acquired Apraxia of Speech: A Systematic Review of Intervention Research Between 2004 and 2012. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology. 2015;24(2):316-37.
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10. Farias D, Davis CH, Wilson SM. Treating apraxia of speech with an implicit protocol that activates speech motor areas via inner speech. Aphasiology. 2014;28(5):515-32.
11. Johnson RK. Motor learning guided treatment for acquired apraxia of speech. Speech, Language and Hearing. 2017;21(4):202-12.
12. Knock TR, Ballard KJ, Robin DA, Schmidt RA. Influence of order of stimulus presentation on speech motor learning: A principled approach to treatment for apraxia of speech. Aphasiology. 2000;14(5-6):653-68.
13. Mozeiko J, Abolafia V, Garneau A, Coelho C. Intensive sound production treatment for severe, chronic apraxia of speech. Aphasiology. 2019;34(9):1164-81.
14. Orr J. The Effectiveness of Tactus Therapy for Individuals with Apraxia of Speech Indiana University; 2020.
15. Kleim JA, Jones TA. Principles of Experience-Dependent Neural Plasticity: Implications for Rehabilitation After Brain Damage. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 2008;51:S225–S39
16. Mauszycki S, Wambaugh J. Acquired Apraxia of Speech: A Treatment Overview. The ASHA Leader. 2011;15(6):16.
17. Edeal DM, Gildersleeve-Neumann CE. The Importance of Production Frequency in Therapy for Childhood Apraxia of Speech. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology. 2011;20(2):95-110.
18. Schmidt RA, Wrisberg, C. A. Motor learning and performance 3ed. Champaign: IL: Human Kinetics; 2004.
19. Lasker JP, Stierwalt JAG, Hageman CF, LaPointe LL. Using motor learning guided theory and augmentative and alternative communication to improve speech production in profound apraxia: A case example. Journal of Medical Speech-Language Pathology. 2008;16(4):225-33.
20. Darley FL, Aronson AE, Brown JR. Motor speech disorders. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders; 1975.
21. Freed DB. Motor speech disorders _ diagnosis and treatment 3ed. San Diego: Plural Publishing inc; 2020.
22. Duffy JR. Motor speech disorders: Substrates, differential diagnosis, and management. 3 ed. St. Louis: MO: Elsevier Mosby; 2013.
23. Rosenbek JC, Lemme ML, Ahern MB, Harris EH, Wertz RT. A treatment for apraxia of speech in adults. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders. 1973;38:462 - 72.
24. Wertz RT, LaPointe LL, Rosenbek JC. Apraxia of speech in adults: The disorder and its management. 1 ed. San Diego: CA: Singular; 1991.
25. Strand EA. Dynamic Temporal and Tactile Cueing: A Treatment Strategy for Childhood Apraxia of Speech. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology. 2020;29(1):30-48.
26. Maas E, Farinella KA. Random Versus Blocked Practice in Treatment for Childhood Apraxia of Speech. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 2012;55(2):561-78.
27. Elmer LM, Baas BS, Barbaresi WJ, Strand EA. Treatment of severe childhood apraxia of speech in a 12-year-old male with CHARGE association. Journal of Medical Speech-Language Pathology. 2008(16):181-90.
28. Maas E, Gildersleeve-Neumann C, Jakielski K.J, R S. Motor-based intervention protocols in treatment of childhood apraxia of speech (CAS). Curr Dev Disord Rep. 2014;1(3):197-206.
29. Strand EA, Debertine P. The efficacy of integral stimulation intervention with developmental apraxia of speech. Journal of Medical Speech-Language Pathology. 2000;8:295-300.
30. Gildersleeve-Neumann CE, BA G. Cross-linguistic generalization in the treatment of two sequential Spanish-English bilingual children with speech sound disorders. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology. 2015;17(1):26-40.
31. Kung K, Ugas M-H. Critical Review: Is DTTC an effective therapy approach for improving intelligibility in children with apraxia of speech? uwoca. 2021.
32. Wulf G, Shea CH. Principles derived from the study of simple skills do not generalize to complex skill learning. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review. 2002;9(2):185 - 211.
33. Shea CH, Kohl R, Indermill C. Contextual interference: Contributions of practice. Acta Psychologica. 1990;73(2):145 - 57.
34. Strand EA, Stoeckel R, Baas B. Treatment of severe childhood apraxia of speech: A treatment efficacy study. Journal of Medical Speech-Language Pathology. 2006;14(4):297-307.
35. Schmidt RA, Lee TD. Motor control and learning: A behavioral emphasis. 4 ed. Champaign: IL: Human Kinetics; 2005.
36. Anita van der Merwe, Steyn M. Model-driven treatment of childhood apraxia of speech: Positive effects of the Speech Motor Learning (SML) approach. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology. 2018;27:37 - 51.
37. Richardson J. Critical Review: Is PROMPT an effective treatment method for adults with acquired apraxia of speech and coexisting aphasia? University of Western Ontario: School of Communication Sciences and Disorders. 2012.
38. Ledford JR, Gast DL. Single Case Research Methodology: Applications in Special Education and Behavioral Sciences. 3rd ed. New York: Routledge; 2018.
39. Carter EC, Lubinsky J. Rehabilitation resaerch: principles and applications. 5 ed. Missouri: Elsevier; 2016.
40. Karami A. Child intelligence measurment psychometric tests, No.2. 5 ed. Tehran: Ravansanji; 2006.
41. Jafari Z, Karimi H, Sazmand A, Malayeri S. Comparing the Prevalence of Handedness between Normal and Congenitally Deaf Students in Age Intervals of 12 to 18 Years in Tehran. jrehab. 2007;8(1):25-34.
42. Esmaeli M, Mehri A, Jalayi S, Modarresi Y, Rohani M. Adaptation and Vlidity and Reliability of Frenchay Dysarthria Assessment 2 in Persian Dysarthric Patients. Tehran: Tehran University of Medical Sciences; 2016.
43. Khatoonabadi AR, Nakhostin-Ansari N, Piran A, Tahmasian H. Development, cross-cultural adaptation, and validation of the Persian Mississippi Aphasia Screening Test in patients with post-stroke aphasia. Iranian Journal of Neurology. 2015;14(2):101-7.
44. Nilipour R, Shahbaz AP, Ghorieshi ZS, Yousefi A. Reliability and Validity of Persian Aphasia Battery Test. Iran J Aging. 2016;10(4):182-91.
45. Yadegari F. Oral and verbal apraxia tasks for adults. 1 ed. Tehran: Publication of University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation; 2014.
46. Beaton DE, Bombardier C, Guillemin F, Ferraz MB. Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Spine. 2000;25(24):3186-91.
47. Nourbakhsh MR, Ottenbacher KJ. The Statistical Analysis of Single-Subject Data: A Comparative Examination. Pbys Ther. 1994;74:768 - 76.
48. Scruggs TE, Mastropieri MA. Summarizing Single-Subject Research. Behavior Modification. 2016;22(3):221-42.
49. ŞEn N, ŞEn S. Tek Denekli Deneysel Çalışmalarda Etki Büyüklüğü Hesaplaması: Regresyona Dayalı Olmayan Yöntemlerin İncelenmesi. Eğitimde ve Psikolojide Ölçme ve Değerlendirme Dergisi. 2019;10(1):30-48.
50. Bloom M, Fischer J, Orme JG. Evaluating practice: guidelines for the accountable professional. 6 ed. Essex: Pearson; 2014.
2. Wambaugh JL, Nessler C, Wright S, Mauszycki SC, DeLong C, Berggren K, et al. Effects of Blocked and Random Practice Schedule on Outcomes of Sound Production Treatment for Acquired Apraxia of Speech: Results of a Group Investigation. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 2017;60(6S):1739-51.
3. Duffy JR. Motor speech disorders: Substrates, differential diagnosis, and management. 2 ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby-Yearbook; 2005.
4. Maas E, Butalla CE, Farinella KA. Feedback Frequency in Treatment for Childhood Apraxia of Speech. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology. 2012;21(3):239-57.
5. Sarah Esmailzade Moghimi, Maryam Alizadeh, Fatemeh Mohammadi, Fariba Yadegari, Mehdi Dehghan, Sayyed Mohammad Masoud Hojjati, et al. Determination of the frequency of oral and verbal apraxia in Persian stroke patients in Babol in a period of 12 months in 2017. Babol: Babol University of Medical Sciences; 2018.
6. Wambaugh JL, Duffy, J. R., McNeil, M. R., Robin, D. A., Rogers, M. Treatment guidelines for acquired apraxia of speech: Treatment descriptions and recommendations. Journal of Medical Speech-Language Pathology. 2006b;14(2):xxxv–lxvii.
7. Wambaugh JL, Nessler C, Cameron R, Mauszycki SC. Treatment for Acquired Apraxia of Speech: Examination of Treatment Intensity and Practice Schedule. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology. 2013;22(1):84-102.
8. Ballard KJ, Wambaugh JL, Duffy JR, Layfield C, Maas E, Mauszycki S, et al. Treatment for Acquired Apraxia of Speech: A Systematic Review of Intervention Research Between 2004 and 2012. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology. 2015;24(2):316-37.
9. Wambaugh JL. An expanding apraxia of speech (AOS) treatment evidence base: An update of recent developments. Aphasiology. 2020:1-20.
10. Farias D, Davis CH, Wilson SM. Treating apraxia of speech with an implicit protocol that activates speech motor areas via inner speech. Aphasiology. 2014;28(5):515-32.
11. Johnson RK. Motor learning guided treatment for acquired apraxia of speech. Speech, Language and Hearing. 2017;21(4):202-12.
12. Knock TR, Ballard KJ, Robin DA, Schmidt RA. Influence of order of stimulus presentation on speech motor learning: A principled approach to treatment for apraxia of speech. Aphasiology. 2000;14(5-6):653-68.
13. Mozeiko J, Abolafia V, Garneau A, Coelho C. Intensive sound production treatment for severe, chronic apraxia of speech. Aphasiology. 2019;34(9):1164-81.
14. Orr J. The Effectiveness of Tactus Therapy for Individuals with Apraxia of Speech Indiana University; 2020.
15. Kleim JA, Jones TA. Principles of Experience-Dependent Neural Plasticity: Implications for Rehabilitation After Brain Damage. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 2008;51:S225–S39
16. Mauszycki S, Wambaugh J. Acquired Apraxia of Speech: A Treatment Overview. The ASHA Leader. 2011;15(6):16.
17. Edeal DM, Gildersleeve-Neumann CE. The Importance of Production Frequency in Therapy for Childhood Apraxia of Speech. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology. 2011;20(2):95-110.
18. Schmidt RA, Wrisberg, C. A. Motor learning and performance 3ed. Champaign: IL: Human Kinetics; 2004.
19. Lasker JP, Stierwalt JAG, Hageman CF, LaPointe LL. Using motor learning guided theory and augmentative and alternative communication to improve speech production in profound apraxia: A case example. Journal of Medical Speech-Language Pathology. 2008;16(4):225-33.
20. Darley FL, Aronson AE, Brown JR. Motor speech disorders. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders; 1975.
21. Freed DB. Motor speech disorders _ diagnosis and treatment 3ed. San Diego: Plural Publishing inc; 2020.
22. Duffy JR. Motor speech disorders: Substrates, differential diagnosis, and management. 3 ed. St. Louis: MO: Elsevier Mosby; 2013.
23. Rosenbek JC, Lemme ML, Ahern MB, Harris EH, Wertz RT. A treatment for apraxia of speech in adults. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders. 1973;38:462 - 72.
24. Wertz RT, LaPointe LL, Rosenbek JC. Apraxia of speech in adults: The disorder and its management. 1 ed. San Diego: CA: Singular; 1991.
25. Strand EA. Dynamic Temporal and Tactile Cueing: A Treatment Strategy for Childhood Apraxia of Speech. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology. 2020;29(1):30-48.
26. Maas E, Farinella KA. Random Versus Blocked Practice in Treatment for Childhood Apraxia of Speech. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 2012;55(2):561-78.
27. Elmer LM, Baas BS, Barbaresi WJ, Strand EA. Treatment of severe childhood apraxia of speech in a 12-year-old male with CHARGE association. Journal of Medical Speech-Language Pathology. 2008(16):181-90.
28. Maas E, Gildersleeve-Neumann C, Jakielski K.J, R S. Motor-based intervention protocols in treatment of childhood apraxia of speech (CAS). Curr Dev Disord Rep. 2014;1(3):197-206.
29. Strand EA, Debertine P. The efficacy of integral stimulation intervention with developmental apraxia of speech. Journal of Medical Speech-Language Pathology. 2000;8:295-300.
30. Gildersleeve-Neumann CE, BA G. Cross-linguistic generalization in the treatment of two sequential Spanish-English bilingual children with speech sound disorders. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology. 2015;17(1):26-40.
31. Kung K, Ugas M-H. Critical Review: Is DTTC an effective therapy approach for improving intelligibility in children with apraxia of speech? uwoca. 2021.
32. Wulf G, Shea CH. Principles derived from the study of simple skills do not generalize to complex skill learning. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review. 2002;9(2):185 - 211.
33. Shea CH, Kohl R, Indermill C. Contextual interference: Contributions of practice. Acta Psychologica. 1990;73(2):145 - 57.
34. Strand EA, Stoeckel R, Baas B. Treatment of severe childhood apraxia of speech: A treatment efficacy study. Journal of Medical Speech-Language Pathology. 2006;14(4):297-307.
35. Schmidt RA, Lee TD. Motor control and learning: A behavioral emphasis. 4 ed. Champaign: IL: Human Kinetics; 2005.
36. Anita van der Merwe, Steyn M. Model-driven treatment of childhood apraxia of speech: Positive effects of the Speech Motor Learning (SML) approach. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology. 2018;27:37 - 51.
37. Richardson J. Critical Review: Is PROMPT an effective treatment method for adults with acquired apraxia of speech and coexisting aphasia? University of Western Ontario: School of Communication Sciences and Disorders. 2012.
38. Ledford JR, Gast DL. Single Case Research Methodology: Applications in Special Education and Behavioral Sciences. 3rd ed. New York: Routledge; 2018.
39. Carter EC, Lubinsky J. Rehabilitation resaerch: principles and applications. 5 ed. Missouri: Elsevier; 2016.
40. Karami A. Child intelligence measurment psychometric tests, No.2. 5 ed. Tehran: Ravansanji; 2006.
41. Jafari Z, Karimi H, Sazmand A, Malayeri S. Comparing the Prevalence of Handedness between Normal and Congenitally Deaf Students in Age Intervals of 12 to 18 Years in Tehran. jrehab. 2007;8(1):25-34.
42. Esmaeli M, Mehri A, Jalayi S, Modarresi Y, Rohani M. Adaptation and Vlidity and Reliability of Frenchay Dysarthria Assessment 2 in Persian Dysarthric Patients. Tehran: Tehran University of Medical Sciences; 2016.
43. Khatoonabadi AR, Nakhostin-Ansari N, Piran A, Tahmasian H. Development, cross-cultural adaptation, and validation of the Persian Mississippi Aphasia Screening Test in patients with post-stroke aphasia. Iranian Journal of Neurology. 2015;14(2):101-7.
44. Nilipour R, Shahbaz AP, Ghorieshi ZS, Yousefi A. Reliability and Validity of Persian Aphasia Battery Test. Iran J Aging. 2016;10(4):182-91.
45. Yadegari F. Oral and verbal apraxia tasks for adults. 1 ed. Tehran: Publication of University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation; 2014.
46. Beaton DE, Bombardier C, Guillemin F, Ferraz MB. Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Spine. 2000;25(24):3186-91.
47. Nourbakhsh MR, Ottenbacher KJ. The Statistical Analysis of Single-Subject Data: A Comparative Examination. Pbys Ther. 1994;74:768 - 76.
48. Scruggs TE, Mastropieri MA. Summarizing Single-Subject Research. Behavior Modification. 2016;22(3):221-42.
49. ŞEn N, ŞEn S. Tek Denekli Deneysel Çalışmalarda Etki Büyüklüğü Hesaplaması: Regresyona Dayalı Olmayan Yöntemlerin İncelenmesi. Eğitimde ve Psikolojide Ölçme ve Değerlendirme Dergisi. 2019;10(1):30-48.
50. Bloom M, Fischer J, Orme JG. Evaluating practice: guidelines for the accountable professional. 6 ed. Essex: Pearson; 2014.
| Issue | Articles in Press | |
| Section | Research Article(s) | |
| Keywords | ||
| Acquired apraxia of speech; dynamic temporal and tactile cueing; stroke | ||
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Alizadeh M, Mehri A, Jalaie S, Strand EA. Investigating Dynamic Temporal and Tactile Cueing Efficacy in Stroke Patients with Apraxia of Speech: A Study Protocol with Single Subject Design. jmr. 2026;(-).
