Comparison of Functional Movement Screen Scores and Performance Between Male and Female Soccer Players
,
Abstract
Introduction: Soccer is the most popular sport globally for both men and women. The Functional Movement Screen (FMS) is a seven-part standardized tool created by experts to evaluate movement quality. This research compared FMS scores and performance between male and female soccer players.
Materials and Methods: A total of sixty semi-professional soccer players (30 males and 30 females) participated in this study. All participants completed the FMS test, Y-Balance Test, Davies Test, Single hop for distance, and Crossover Hop Test. Between-group comparisons were performed using independent t-tests for normally distributed variables and Mann-Whitney U tests for non-normally distributed variables.
Results: There were no significant differences between male and female players in Deep Squat, Hurdle Step, In-Line Lunge, or Overall FMS Score (P>0.05). However, significant differences were found in Shoulder Mobility, Active Straight Leg Raise, Trunk Stability Push-Up, and rotary stability (P<0.05). Males performed better in Trunk Stability, while females excelled in Shoulder Mobility and Active Straight Leg Raise. Males outperformed females in Single hop for distance and Cross-over hop. In upper extremity performance, males performed better in the Davies test and dynamic balance in the superolateral direction, with no significant differences in other upper extremity dynamic balance directions.
Conclusion: This study demonstrates the necessity of gender-specific training programs, as they are crucial in enhancing performance and reducing the risk of injury. According to the findings, it is recommended that flexibility and mobility exercises be implemented for male soccer players and core stability and strength training for female soccer players.
1. Griffin J, Larsen B, Horan S, Keogh J, Dodd K, Andreatta M, et al. Women's Football: An Examination of Factors That Influence Movement Patterns. J Strength Cond Res. 2020;34(8):2384–93.
2. Marqués Jiménez D, Calleja González J, Arratibel Imaz I, Delextrat A, Terrados Cepeda N. Fatigue and recovery in soccer: Evidence and challenge. Open Sports Sciences Journal. 2017.
3. Samudra AD, Purwanto B, Utomo DN. Differences in Limb Muscle Strength Affecting Vertical Jump Heights in Soccer Players after Chronic Ankle Injury. Journal of Modern Rehabilitation. 2024.
4. Polinder S, Haagsma J, Panneman M, Scholten A, Brugmans M, Van Beeck E. The economic burden of injury: Health care and productivity costs of injuries in the Netherlands. Accid Anal Prev. 2016;93:92–100.
5. Asgari M, Alizadeh S, Sendt A, Jaitner T. Evaluation of the Functional Movement Screen (FMS) in Identifying Active Females Who are Prone to Injury. A Systematic Review. Sports Med Open. 2021;7(1):85.
6. Kramer TA, Sacko RS, Pfeifer CE, Gatens DR, Goins JM, Stodden DF. The association between the functional movement screen™, y-balance test, and physical performance tests in male and female high school athletes. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2019;14(6):911–9.
7. Lim KH, Seo TB, Kim YP. Relationship between movement dysfunctions and sports injuries according to gender of youth soccer player. J Exerc Rehabil. 2020;16(5):427–31.
8. Pardos-Mainer E, Lozano D, Torrontegui-Duarte M, Cartón-Llorente A, Roso-Moliner A. Effects of Strength vs. Plyometric Training Programs on Vertical Jumping, Linear Sprint and Change of Direction Speed Performance in Female Soccer Players: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(2).
9. Cook G, Burton L, Kiesel K, Bryant MF, Rose G. Movement: Functional Movement Systems : Screening, Assessment, and Corrective Strategies: On Target Publications; 2010.
10. Cook G, Burton L, Hoogenboom B. Pre-participation screening: the use of fundamental movements as an assessment of function - part 1. N Am J Sports Phys Ther. 2006;1(2):62–72.
11. Farley JB, Barrett LM, Keogh JWL, Woods CT, Milne N. The relationship between physical fitness attributes and sports injury in female, team ball sport players: a systematic review. Sports Med Open. 2020;6(1):45.
12. Mahrokh Moghadam A, Zarei M, Mohammadi F. Effect of an eight-week core stability training program on the functional movement screen test scores in elite goalball players. Physical Treatments-Specific Physical Therapy Journal. 2021;11(1):55–62.
13. Martín-Moya R, Rodríguez-García L, Moreno-Vecino B, Clemente FM, Liñán González A, González-Fernández FT. Differences and relationship in functional movement screen (FMS™) scores and physical fitness in males and female semi-professional soccer players. PeerJ. 2023;11:e16649.
14. Amjad F, Latif D, Hanif S, Bashir K, Batool R, Khalid U. Functional Movement Screen Differences in Male and Female Footballers and as an Injury Prevention Tool: Functional Movement Screen Differences. Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences. 2023:30–4.
15. Emmonds S, Morris R, Murray E, Robinson C, Turner L, Jones B. The influence of age and maturity status on the maximum and explosive strength characteristics of elite youth female soccer players. Science and Medicine in Football. 2017;1(3):209–15.
16. Manson SA, Brughelli M, Harris NK. Physiological characteristics of international female soccer players. J Strength Cond Res. 2014;28(2):308–18.
17. Mascherini G, Levi Micheli M, Serafini S, Politi C, Bianchi E, Cebrián-Ponce Á, et al. Raw bioelectrical data and physical performance in track and field athletes: Are there differences between the sexes in the relationship? Heliyon. 2024;10(15):e35754.
18. O'Brien-Smith J, Bennett K, Fransen J, Smith M. Same or different? A comparison of anthropometry, physical fitness and perceptual motor characteristics in male and female youth soccer players. Science and Medicine in Football. 2019;4(6):1–8.
19. Datson N, Weston M, Drust B, Gregson W, Lolli L. High-intensity endurance capacity assessment as a tool for talent identification in elite youth female soccer. J Sports Sci. 2020;38(11-12):1313–9.
20. Cook G, Burton L, Hoogenboom BJ, Voight M. Functional movement screening: the use of fundamental movements as an assessment of function-part 2. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2014;9(4):549–63.
21. Bonazza NA, Smuin D, Onks CA, Silvis ML, Dhawan A. Reliability, Validity, and Injury Predictive Value of the Functional Movement Screen: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Am J Sports Med. 2017;45(3):725–32.
22. Karimizadeh Ardakani M, Soroush Fard Z, Amirizadeh F, Naderifar H. Effect of thoracic hyper-kyphosis posture on upper extremity function of female students. Journal of Rehabilitation Sciences & Research. 2022;9(1):30–5.
23. Narducci E, Waltz A, Gorski K, Leppla L, Donaldson M. The clinical utility of functional performance tests within one-year post-acl reconstruction: a systematic review. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2011;6(4):333–42.
24. Noyes FR, Barber SD, Mangine RE. Abnormal lower limb symmetry determined by function hop tests after anterior cruciate ligament rupture. The American journal of sports medicine. 1991;19(5):513–8.
25. Ross MD, Langford B, Whelan PJ. Test-retest reliability of 4 single-leg horizontal hop tests. ournal of strength and conditioning research. 2002;16(4):617–22.
26. Reid A, Birmingham TB, Stratford PW, Alcock GK, Giffin JR. Hop testing provides a reliable and valid outcome measure during rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Phys Ther. 2007;87(3):337–49.
27. Noyes FR, Barber SD, Mangine RE. Abnormal lower limb symmetry determined by function hop tests after anterior cruciate ligament rupture. Am J Sports Med. 1991;19(5):513–8.
28. Ross MD, Langford B, Whelan PJ. Test-retest reliability of 4 single-leg horizontal hop tests. J Strength Cond Res. 2002;16(4):617–22.
29. Gorman PP, Butler RJ, Plisky PJ, Kiesel KB. Upper Quarter Y Balance Test: reliability and performance comparison between genders in active adults. J Strength Cond Res. 2012;26(11):3043–8.
30. Hazar Z, Ulug N, Yuksel I. Upper quarter y-balance test score of patients with shoulder impingement syndrome. Orthopaedic journal of sports medicine. 2014;2(11_suppl3):2325967114S00275.
31. Marques VB, Medeiros TM, de Souza Stigger F, Nakamura FY, Baroni BM. The Functional Movement Screen (FMS™) in Elite Young Soccer Players Between 14 and 20 Years: Composite Score, Individual-Test Scores, and Asymmetries. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2017;12(6):977–85.
32. Medeiros DM, Miranda LLP, Marques VB, de Araujo Ribeiro-Alvares JB, Baroni BM. Accuracy of the Functional Movement Screen (FMS™) active straight leg raise test to evaluate hamstring flexibility in soccer players. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2019;14(6):877–84.
33. Minick KI, Kiesel KB, Burton L, Taylor A, Plisky P, Butler RJ. Interrater reliability of the functional movement screen. J Strength Cond Res. 2010;24(2):479–86.
34. Shultz R, Anderson SC, Matheson GO, Marcello B, Besier T. Test-retest and interrater reliability of the functional movement screen. J Athl Train. 2013;48(3):331–6.
35. Hart JM, Garrison JC, Kerrigan DC, Palmieri-Smith R, Ingersoll CD. Gender differences in gluteus medius muscle activity exist in soccer players performing a forward jump. Res Sports Med. 2007;15(2):147–55.
36. Kernozek TW, Torry MR, Iwasaki M. Gender differences in lower extremity landing mechanics caused by neuromuscular fatigue. Am J Sports Med. 2008;36(3):554–65.
37. Zazulak BT, Hewett TE, Reeves NP, Goldberg B, Cholewicki J. Deficits in neuromuscular control of the trunk predict knee injury risk: a prospective biomechanical-epidemiologic study. Am J Sports Med. 2007;35(7):1123–30.
38. Johnson QR, Scraper J, Lockie R, Orr RM, Dawes JJ. Sex-related Differences in Functional Movement Screen Scores Among Reserve Officers' Training Corps Cadets. Mil Med. 2023;188(1-2):e152–e7.
39. Chimera NJ, Smith CA, Warren M. Injury history, sex, and performance on the functional movement screen and Y balance test. J Athl Train. 2015;50(5):475–85.
40. Paszkewicz JR, McCarty CW, Van Lunen BL. Comparison of functional and static evaluation tools among adolescent athletes. J Strength Cond Res. 2013;27(10):2842–50.
41. Domaradzki J, Koźlenia D. Reliability of Functional Movement Screen and sexual differentiation in FMS scores and the cut-off point among amateur athletes. 2020.
42. Thomas K, Holmes L, Wolf D, editors. Gender differences in functional movement screening scores in men’s and women’s collegiate tennis. International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings; 2022.
43. Ansdell P, Thomas K, Hicks KM, Hunter SK, Howatson G, Goodall S. Physiological sex differences affect the integrative response to exercise: acute and chronic implications. Exp Physiol. 2020;105(12):2007–21.
44. Hamil JA, Howell SM, Deldin AR. Functional Movement Screen differences between male and female collegiate soccer players. Journal of Physical Education. 2021;8(2):34–9.
45. Ransdell L, Murray T. Functional Movement Screening. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 2016;38(2):40–8.
46. Ransdell LB, Wells CL. Sex Differences in Athletic Performance. Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal. 1999;8(1):55–81.
47. Sale DG, MacDougall JD, Alway SE, Sutton JR. Voluntary strength and muscle characteristics in untrained men and women and male bodybuilders. J Appl Physiol (1985). 1987;62(5):1786–93.
48. Strength N-N, Association C. Essentials of strength training and conditioning: Human kinetics; 2021.
49. Kim M-H, Yoo W-G, Yi C-H. Gender differences in the activity and ratio of vastus medialis oblique and vastus lateralis muscles during drop landing. Journal of Physical Therapy Science. 2009;21(4):325–9.
50. Brophy RH, Chiaia TA, Maschi R, Dodson CC, Oh LS, Lyman S, et al. The core and hip in soccer athletes compared by gender. Int J Sports Med. 2009;30(9):663–7.
51. Hughes G, Watkins J, Owen N. Gender differences in lower limb frontal plane kinematics during landing. Sports Biomech. 2008;7(3):333–41.
52. Storer TW, Basaria S, Traustadottir T, Harman SM, Pencina K, Li Z, et al. Effects of Testosterone Supplementation for 3 Years on Muscle Performance and Physical Function in Older Men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017;102(2):583–93.
53. Schons P, Preissler A, Oliveira R, Brito J, Clemente F, de Vargas G, et al. Comparisons and correlations between the anthropometric profile and physical performance of professional female and male soccer players: Individualities that should be considered in training. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching. 2023;18(6):2004–14.
54. Arundale AJH, Kvist J, Hägglund M, Fältström A. Jump performance in male and female football players. Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy : official journal of the ESSKA. 2020;28(2):606–13.
2. Marqués Jiménez D, Calleja González J, Arratibel Imaz I, Delextrat A, Terrados Cepeda N. Fatigue and recovery in soccer: Evidence and challenge. Open Sports Sciences Journal. 2017.
3. Samudra AD, Purwanto B, Utomo DN. Differences in Limb Muscle Strength Affecting Vertical Jump Heights in Soccer Players after Chronic Ankle Injury. Journal of Modern Rehabilitation. 2024.
4. Polinder S, Haagsma J, Panneman M, Scholten A, Brugmans M, Van Beeck E. The economic burden of injury: Health care and productivity costs of injuries in the Netherlands. Accid Anal Prev. 2016;93:92–100.
5. Asgari M, Alizadeh S, Sendt A, Jaitner T. Evaluation of the Functional Movement Screen (FMS) in Identifying Active Females Who are Prone to Injury. A Systematic Review. Sports Med Open. 2021;7(1):85.
6. Kramer TA, Sacko RS, Pfeifer CE, Gatens DR, Goins JM, Stodden DF. The association between the functional movement screen™, y-balance test, and physical performance tests in male and female high school athletes. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2019;14(6):911–9.
7. Lim KH, Seo TB, Kim YP. Relationship between movement dysfunctions and sports injuries according to gender of youth soccer player. J Exerc Rehabil. 2020;16(5):427–31.
8. Pardos-Mainer E, Lozano D, Torrontegui-Duarte M, Cartón-Llorente A, Roso-Moliner A. Effects of Strength vs. Plyometric Training Programs on Vertical Jumping, Linear Sprint and Change of Direction Speed Performance in Female Soccer Players: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(2).
9. Cook G, Burton L, Kiesel K, Bryant MF, Rose G. Movement: Functional Movement Systems : Screening, Assessment, and Corrective Strategies: On Target Publications; 2010.
10. Cook G, Burton L, Hoogenboom B. Pre-participation screening: the use of fundamental movements as an assessment of function - part 1. N Am J Sports Phys Ther. 2006;1(2):62–72.
11. Farley JB, Barrett LM, Keogh JWL, Woods CT, Milne N. The relationship between physical fitness attributes and sports injury in female, team ball sport players: a systematic review. Sports Med Open. 2020;6(1):45.
12. Mahrokh Moghadam A, Zarei M, Mohammadi F. Effect of an eight-week core stability training program on the functional movement screen test scores in elite goalball players. Physical Treatments-Specific Physical Therapy Journal. 2021;11(1):55–62.
13. Martín-Moya R, Rodríguez-García L, Moreno-Vecino B, Clemente FM, Liñán González A, González-Fernández FT. Differences and relationship in functional movement screen (FMS™) scores and physical fitness in males and female semi-professional soccer players. PeerJ. 2023;11:e16649.
14. Amjad F, Latif D, Hanif S, Bashir K, Batool R, Khalid U. Functional Movement Screen Differences in Male and Female Footballers and as an Injury Prevention Tool: Functional Movement Screen Differences. Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences. 2023:30–4.
15. Emmonds S, Morris R, Murray E, Robinson C, Turner L, Jones B. The influence of age and maturity status on the maximum and explosive strength characteristics of elite youth female soccer players. Science and Medicine in Football. 2017;1(3):209–15.
16. Manson SA, Brughelli M, Harris NK. Physiological characteristics of international female soccer players. J Strength Cond Res. 2014;28(2):308–18.
17. Mascherini G, Levi Micheli M, Serafini S, Politi C, Bianchi E, Cebrián-Ponce Á, et al. Raw bioelectrical data and physical performance in track and field athletes: Are there differences between the sexes in the relationship? Heliyon. 2024;10(15):e35754.
18. O'Brien-Smith J, Bennett K, Fransen J, Smith M. Same or different? A comparison of anthropometry, physical fitness and perceptual motor characteristics in male and female youth soccer players. Science and Medicine in Football. 2019;4(6):1–8.
19. Datson N, Weston M, Drust B, Gregson W, Lolli L. High-intensity endurance capacity assessment as a tool for talent identification in elite youth female soccer. J Sports Sci. 2020;38(11-12):1313–9.
20. Cook G, Burton L, Hoogenboom BJ, Voight M. Functional movement screening: the use of fundamental movements as an assessment of function-part 2. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2014;9(4):549–63.
21. Bonazza NA, Smuin D, Onks CA, Silvis ML, Dhawan A. Reliability, Validity, and Injury Predictive Value of the Functional Movement Screen: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Am J Sports Med. 2017;45(3):725–32.
22. Karimizadeh Ardakani M, Soroush Fard Z, Amirizadeh F, Naderifar H. Effect of thoracic hyper-kyphosis posture on upper extremity function of female students. Journal of Rehabilitation Sciences & Research. 2022;9(1):30–5.
23. Narducci E, Waltz A, Gorski K, Leppla L, Donaldson M. The clinical utility of functional performance tests within one-year post-acl reconstruction: a systematic review. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2011;6(4):333–42.
24. Noyes FR, Barber SD, Mangine RE. Abnormal lower limb symmetry determined by function hop tests after anterior cruciate ligament rupture. The American journal of sports medicine. 1991;19(5):513–8.
25. Ross MD, Langford B, Whelan PJ. Test-retest reliability of 4 single-leg horizontal hop tests. ournal of strength and conditioning research. 2002;16(4):617–22.
26. Reid A, Birmingham TB, Stratford PW, Alcock GK, Giffin JR. Hop testing provides a reliable and valid outcome measure during rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Phys Ther. 2007;87(3):337–49.
27. Noyes FR, Barber SD, Mangine RE. Abnormal lower limb symmetry determined by function hop tests after anterior cruciate ligament rupture. Am J Sports Med. 1991;19(5):513–8.
28. Ross MD, Langford B, Whelan PJ. Test-retest reliability of 4 single-leg horizontal hop tests. J Strength Cond Res. 2002;16(4):617–22.
29. Gorman PP, Butler RJ, Plisky PJ, Kiesel KB. Upper Quarter Y Balance Test: reliability and performance comparison between genders in active adults. J Strength Cond Res. 2012;26(11):3043–8.
30. Hazar Z, Ulug N, Yuksel I. Upper quarter y-balance test score of patients with shoulder impingement syndrome. Orthopaedic journal of sports medicine. 2014;2(11_suppl3):2325967114S00275.
31. Marques VB, Medeiros TM, de Souza Stigger F, Nakamura FY, Baroni BM. The Functional Movement Screen (FMS™) in Elite Young Soccer Players Between 14 and 20 Years: Composite Score, Individual-Test Scores, and Asymmetries. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2017;12(6):977–85.
32. Medeiros DM, Miranda LLP, Marques VB, de Araujo Ribeiro-Alvares JB, Baroni BM. Accuracy of the Functional Movement Screen (FMS™) active straight leg raise test to evaluate hamstring flexibility in soccer players. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2019;14(6):877–84.
33. Minick KI, Kiesel KB, Burton L, Taylor A, Plisky P, Butler RJ. Interrater reliability of the functional movement screen. J Strength Cond Res. 2010;24(2):479–86.
34. Shultz R, Anderson SC, Matheson GO, Marcello B, Besier T. Test-retest and interrater reliability of the functional movement screen. J Athl Train. 2013;48(3):331–6.
35. Hart JM, Garrison JC, Kerrigan DC, Palmieri-Smith R, Ingersoll CD. Gender differences in gluteus medius muscle activity exist in soccer players performing a forward jump. Res Sports Med. 2007;15(2):147–55.
36. Kernozek TW, Torry MR, Iwasaki M. Gender differences in lower extremity landing mechanics caused by neuromuscular fatigue. Am J Sports Med. 2008;36(3):554–65.
37. Zazulak BT, Hewett TE, Reeves NP, Goldberg B, Cholewicki J. Deficits in neuromuscular control of the trunk predict knee injury risk: a prospective biomechanical-epidemiologic study. Am J Sports Med. 2007;35(7):1123–30.
38. Johnson QR, Scraper J, Lockie R, Orr RM, Dawes JJ. Sex-related Differences in Functional Movement Screen Scores Among Reserve Officers' Training Corps Cadets. Mil Med. 2023;188(1-2):e152–e7.
39. Chimera NJ, Smith CA, Warren M. Injury history, sex, and performance on the functional movement screen and Y balance test. J Athl Train. 2015;50(5):475–85.
40. Paszkewicz JR, McCarty CW, Van Lunen BL. Comparison of functional and static evaluation tools among adolescent athletes. J Strength Cond Res. 2013;27(10):2842–50.
41. Domaradzki J, Koźlenia D. Reliability of Functional Movement Screen and sexual differentiation in FMS scores and the cut-off point among amateur athletes. 2020.
42. Thomas K, Holmes L, Wolf D, editors. Gender differences in functional movement screening scores in men’s and women’s collegiate tennis. International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings; 2022.
43. Ansdell P, Thomas K, Hicks KM, Hunter SK, Howatson G, Goodall S. Physiological sex differences affect the integrative response to exercise: acute and chronic implications. Exp Physiol. 2020;105(12):2007–21.
44. Hamil JA, Howell SM, Deldin AR. Functional Movement Screen differences between male and female collegiate soccer players. Journal of Physical Education. 2021;8(2):34–9.
45. Ransdell L, Murray T. Functional Movement Screening. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 2016;38(2):40–8.
46. Ransdell LB, Wells CL. Sex Differences in Athletic Performance. Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal. 1999;8(1):55–81.
47. Sale DG, MacDougall JD, Alway SE, Sutton JR. Voluntary strength and muscle characteristics in untrained men and women and male bodybuilders. J Appl Physiol (1985). 1987;62(5):1786–93.
48. Strength N-N, Association C. Essentials of strength training and conditioning: Human kinetics; 2021.
49. Kim M-H, Yoo W-G, Yi C-H. Gender differences in the activity and ratio of vastus medialis oblique and vastus lateralis muscles during drop landing. Journal of Physical Therapy Science. 2009;21(4):325–9.
50. Brophy RH, Chiaia TA, Maschi R, Dodson CC, Oh LS, Lyman S, et al. The core and hip in soccer athletes compared by gender. Int J Sports Med. 2009;30(9):663–7.
51. Hughes G, Watkins J, Owen N. Gender differences in lower limb frontal plane kinematics during landing. Sports Biomech. 2008;7(3):333–41.
52. Storer TW, Basaria S, Traustadottir T, Harman SM, Pencina K, Li Z, et al. Effects of Testosterone Supplementation for 3 Years on Muscle Performance and Physical Function in Older Men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017;102(2):583–93.
53. Schons P, Preissler A, Oliveira R, Brito J, Clemente F, de Vargas G, et al. Comparisons and correlations between the anthropometric profile and physical performance of professional female and male soccer players: Individualities that should be considered in training. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching. 2023;18(6):2004–14.
54. Arundale AJH, Kvist J, Hägglund M, Fältström A. Jump performance in male and female football players. Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy : official journal of the ESSKA. 2020;28(2):606–13.
| Issue | Articles in Press | |
| Section | Research Article(s) | |
| Keywords | ||
| Soccer, Athletic Performance, Risk Factors, Sex | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Zare A, Piri H, Hajizadeh R, Saeidizadeh AR, Ghareh Khanlou AR. Comparison of Functional Movement Screen Scores and Performance Between Male and Female Soccer Players. jmr. 2025;(-).
