The Role of Mindfulness, Yoga and Hypnosis in Tinnitus Management; A Comprehensive Narrative Review
-
Parisa Heidari
,
Elham Tavanai
,
Ahmad Rasouli
,
Mohammad Ehsan Khalili
,
Mehdi Soleimani
,
Farzaneh Fatahi
Abstract
Background: Tinnitus, defined as the perception of sound without an external source, affects 10% to 24% of adults and can significantly impair quality of life. Mind-body approaches—including mindfulness-based interventions, yoga, and hypnosis—have been increasingly explored as complementary strategies for tinnitus management, though their efficacy remains under investigation.
Methods: A narrative review was conducted utilizing PubMed, Scopus, Medline, Web of Science, and Google Scholar to identify English-language studies (1995-2024) on mindfulness, yoga, and hypnosis for tinnitus management. Studies were selected based on predefined inclusion criteria, and the findings were summarized to assess efficacy, mechanisms, and limitations.
Results: Mindfulness-based interventions (e.g., Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy [MBCT], Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction [MBSR]) demonstrate moderate evidence of reducing tinnitus distress and improving anxiety and depression, with some studies reporting sustained benefits for up to six months. Although rigorous trials are lacking, yoga has preliminary evidence, with small studies suggesting benefits for stress and tinnitus-related symptoms. Hypnosis studies, often outdated, indicate preliminary benefits for tinnitus severity and psychological symptoms; however, effects are inconsistent and poorly sustained. Negative findings, such as limited impact on tinnitus intensity or anxiety, tend to be underreported.
Conclusion: Mindfulness-based interventions show promising clinical efficacy for managing tinnitus, especially the psychological symptoms, whereas yoga and hypnosis necessitate further rigorous trials. Future studies should emphasize head-to-head comparisons, long-term outcomes, integration with existing therapies like cognitive behavioral therapy, and include diverse populations to enhance clinical applicability.
1. Jastreboff PJ. Phantom auditory perception (tinnitus): mechanisms of generation and perception. Neuroscience research. 1990;8(4):221-54.
2. Bhatt JM, Lin HW, Bhattacharyya N. Prevalence, severity, exposures, and treatment patterns of tinnitus in the United States. JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery. 2016;142(10):959-65.
3. Jarach CM, Lugo A, Scala M, van den Brandt PA, Cederroth CR, Odone A, et al. Global Prevalence and Incidence of Tinnitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Neurol. 2022;79(9):888-900.
4. Adrian D, El Refaie A. The epidemiology of tinnitus. The handbook of tinnitus: Singular; 2000. p. 1-23.
5. Bashar Ali N, Asad Hameed A. The Impact of Tinnitus on Mental Health. Journal of Modern Rehabilitation. 2025;0(-).
6. Tyler RS, Gogel SA, Gehringer AK. Tinnitus activities treatment. Progress in brain research. 2007;166:425-34.
7. Köksoy S, Mehmet Eti C, Karataş M, Vayisoglu Y. The effects of yoga in patients suffering from subjective tinnitus. International archives of otorhinolaryngology. 2018;22:09-13.
8. Hoare DJ, Kowalkowski VL, Kang S, Hall DA. Systematic review and meta‐analyses of randomized controlled trials examining tinnitus management. The Laryngoscope. 2011;121(7):1555-64.
9. He M, Li X, Liu Y, Zhong J, Jiang L, Liu Y, et al. Electroacupuncture for tinnitus: a systematic review. PLoS One. 2016;11(3):e0150600.
10. Cima RFF, Mazurek B, Haider H, Kikidis D, Lapira A, Noreña A, Hoare DJ. A multidisciplinary European guideline for tinnitus: diagnostics, assessment, and treatment. Hno. 2019;67(Suppl 1):10-42.
11. Tavanai E, Mohammadkhani G. A different view on the link between tinnitus and cognition; is there a reciprocal link? International Journal of Neuroscience. 2018;128(12):1188-98.
12. Rauschecker JP, Leaver AM, Mühlau M. Tuning out the noise: limbic-auditory interactions in tinnitus. Neuron. 2010;66(6):819-26.
13. Mohamad N, Hoare DJ, Hall DA. The consequences of tinnitus and tinnitus severity on cognition: A review of the behavioural evidence. Hear Res. 2016;332:199-209.
14. Tegg-Quinn S, Bennett RJ, Eikelboom RH, Baguley DM. The impact of tinnitus upon cognition in adults: A systematic review. Int J Audiol. 2016;55(10):533-40.
15. Fan J, McCandliss BD, Sommer T, Raz A, Posner MI. Testing the efficiency and independence of attentional networks. J Cogn Neurosci. 2002;14(3):340-7.
16. Tai Y, Husain FT. The Role of Cognitive Control in Tinnitus and Its Relation to Speech-in-Noise Performance. J Audiol Otol. 2019;23(1):1-7.
17. Hesser H, Weise C, Westin VZ, Andersson G. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of cognitive–behavioral therapy for tinnitus distress. Clinical Psychology Review. 2011;31(4):545-53.
18. Kabat-Zinn J. An outpatient program in behavioral medicine for chronic pain patients based on the practice of mindfulness meditation: Theoretical considerations and preliminary results. General hospital psychiatry. 1982;4(1):33-47.
19. Kabat-Zinn J. Mindfulness-based interventions in context: past, present, and future. 2003.
20. Rademaker MM, Stegeman I, Ho-Kang-You KE, Stokroos RJ, Smit AL. The Effect of Mindfulness-Based Interventions on Tinnitus Distress. A Systematic Review. Front Neurol. 2019;10:1135.
21. Bishop SR, Lau M, Shapiro S, Carlson L, Anderson ND, Carmody J, et al. Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice. 2004;11(3):230-41.
22. Lewis S, Chowdhury E, Stockdale D, Kennedy V. Assessment and management of tinnitus: summary of NICE guidance. Bmj. 2020;368.
23. McKenna L, Marks EM, Hallsworth CA, Schaette R. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy as a treatment for chronic tinnitus: a randomized controlled trial. Psychotherapy and psychosomatics. 2017;86(6):351-61.
24. Sherlock LP, Ballard-Hernandez J, Boudin-George A, Clark K, Colandrea M, Edmonds C, et al. Clinical Practice Guideline for Management of Tinnitus: Recommendations From the US VA/DOD Clinical Practice Guideline Work Group. JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery. 2025.
25. Feuerstein G. The yoga tradition: Its history, literature, philosophy and practice: SCB Distributors; 2012.
26. Niedziałek I, Raj-Koziak D, Milner R, Wolak T, Ganc M, Wójcik J, et al. Effect of yoga training on the tinnitus induced distress. Complementary therapies in clinical practice. 2019;36:7-11.
27. Pandey S, Mahato NK, Navale R. Role of self-induced sound therapy: Bhramari Pranayama in Tinnitus. Audiological Medicine. 2010;8(3):137-41.
28. Gunjawate DR, Ravi R. Effect of yoga and meditation on tinnitus: a systematic review. J Laryngol Otol. 2021;135(4):284-7.
29. Mason J, Rogerson D. Client-centered hypnotherapy for tinnitus: who is likely to benefit? Am J Clin Hypn. 1995;37(4):294-9.
30. Ross U, Lange O, Unterrainer J, Laszig R. Ericksonian hypnosis in tinnitus therapy: effects of a 28-day inpatient multimodal treatment concept measured by Tinnitus-Questionnaire and Health Survey SF-36. European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology. 2007;264(5):483-8.
31. Jensen MP, Patterson DR. Hypnotic approaches for chronic pain management: clinical implications of recent research findings. American psychologist. 2014;69(2):167.
32. Germer CK. Mindfulness: What is it? What does it matter? Mindfulness and psychotherapy, 2nd ed. New York, NY, US: The Guilford Press; 2013. p. 3-35.
33. Williams JMG, Kuyken W. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy: a promising new approach to preventing depressive relapse. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 2012;200(5):359-60.
34. Marks E, Smith P, McKenna L. I wasn’t at war with the noise: how mindfulness based cognitive therapy changes patients’ experiences of tinnitus. Frontiers in psychology. 2020;11:483.
35. Husain FT, Zimmerman B, Tai Y, Finnegan MK, Kay E, Khan F, et al. Assessing mindfulness-based cognitive therapy intervention for tinnitus using behavioural measures and structural MRI: a pilot study. Int J Audiol. 2019;58(12):889-901.
36. Roland LT, Lenze EJ, Hardin FM, Kallogjeri D, Nicklaus J, Wineland AM, et al. Effects of mindfulness based stress reduction therapy on subjective bother and neural connectivity in chronic tinnitus. Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery. 2015;152(5):919-26.
37. Sadlier M, Stephens S, Kennedy V. Tinnitus rehabilitation: a mindfulness meditation cognitive behavioural therapy approach. The Journal of Laryngology & Otology. 2008;122(1):31-7.
38. McKenna L, Marks EM, Vogt F. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for chronic tinnitus: Evaluation of benefits in a large sample of patients attending a tinnitus clinic. Ear and hearing. 2018;39(2):359-66.
39. Jariengprasert C, Watanapornmongkol K, Kiatthanabumrung S, Wisupagan T. The Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy in the Management of Tinnitus. Int Tinnitus J. 2022;26(1):1-10.
40. Arif M, Sadlier M, Rajenderkumar D, James J, Tahir T. A randomised controlled study of mindfulness meditation versus relaxation therapy in the management of tinnitus. J Laryngol Otol. 2017;131(6):501-7.
41. Philippot P, Nef F, Clauw L, de Romrée M, Segal Z. A Randomized Controlled Trial of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Treating Tinnitus. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy. 2012;19(5):411-9.
42. Gans JJ, O’Sullivan P, Bircheff V. Mindfulness based tinnitus stress reduction pilot study. Mindfulness. 2014;5(3):322-33.
43. Jackson JG, Woolmer CD. An 8-Week Online Body Scan Meditation Intervention for Tinnitus: Accessibility, Adherence, and Rates of Clinically Meaningful Success. Mindfulness. 2024;15(5):1176-87.
44. Walter U, Pennig S, Kottmann T, Bleckmann L, Röschmann-Doose K, Schlee W. Randomized controlled trial of a smartphone-based cognitive behavioral therapy for chronic tinnitus. PLOS Digital Health. 2023;2(9):e0000337.
45. Fitzgerald BP, Stocking C, Ralli M, Sheppard A. At-home meditation for tinnitus management. Hearing, Balance and Communication. 2021;19(2):101-9.
46. Smith AC. Is Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy An Effective Treatment For Adult Patients With Tinnitus? 2020.
47. Jacobson E. Progressive relaxation. The American Journal of Psychology. 1987;100(3/4):522-37.
48. Benson H, Greenwood MM, Klemchuk H. The relaxation response: psychophysiologic aspects and clinical applications. The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine. 1975;6(1-2):87-98.
49. Mojtaba T, Sayed Ali M, Najmeh H, Kiumarth B. The effects of cognitive-behavioral training and muscle relaxation on the degree of tinnitus and the quality of sleep. Auditory and Vestibular Research. 2019;28(3).
50. Dahl CJ, Lutz A, Davidson RJ. Reconstructing and deconstructing the self: cognitive mechanisms in meditation practice. Trends in cognitive sciences. 2015;19(9):515-23.
51. Pascoe MC, de Manincor M, Tseberja J, Hallgren M, Baldwin PA, Parker AG. Psychobiological mechanisms underlying the mood benefits of meditation: A Narrative Review. Comprehensive Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2021:100037.
52. Kim SD. Effects of yogic exercises on life stress and blood glucose levels in nursing students. Journal of physical therapy science. 2014;26(12):2003-6.
53. Kröner-Herwig B, Hebing G, van Rijn-Kalkmann U, Frenzel A, Schilkowsky G, Esser G. The management of chronic tinnitus—comparison of a cognitive-behavioural group training with yoga. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1995;39(2):153-65.
54. Taneja MK. Frequency-Modulated Bhramari Pranayam in Tinnitus and Deafness. Indian Journal of Otology. 2018;24(4).
55. Vanamoorthy M, Mangaiarkarasi N, Manavalan N, Boopalan D. Holistic approach in managing tinnitus with yoga, naturopathy, and acupuncture interventions: A single-case report. Journal of Primary Care Specialties. 2023;4(2):89-92.
56. Kuppusamy M, Kamaldeen D, Pitani R, Amaldas J, Shanmugam P. Effects of Bhramari Pranayama on health–a systematic review. Journal of traditional and complementary medicine. 2018;8(1):11-6.
57. Penazzi G, De Pisapia N. Direct comparisons between hypnosis and meditation: A mini-review. Front Psychol. 2022;13:958185.
58. Yapko MD. Mindfulness and hypnosis: The power of suggestion to transform experience: WW Norton & Company; 2011.
59. Carlson LE, Toivonen K, Flynn M, Deleemans J, Piedalue KA, Tolsdorf E, Subnis U. The Role of Hypnosis in Cancer Care. Curr Oncol Rep. 2018;20(12):93.
60. Folmer RL, Theodoroff SM, Martin WH, Shi Y. Experimental, controversial, and futuristic treatments for chronic tinnitus. J Am Acad Audiol. 2014;25(1):106-25.
61. Maudoux A, Bonnet S, Lhonneux-Ledoux F, Lefebvre P. Ericksonian hypnosis in tinnitus therapy. B ENT. 2007;2:75-8.
62. Attias J, Shemesh Z, Shoham C, Shahar A, Sohmer H. Efficacy of Self-Hypnosis for Tinnitus Relief. Scandinavian Audiology. 1990;19(4):245-9.
63. Attias J, Shemesh Z, Sohmer H, Gold S, Shoham C, Faraggi D. Comparison between Self-Hypnosis, Masking and Attentiveness for Alleviation of Chronic Tinnitus. Audiology. 1993;32(3):205-12.
64. Yazıcı Z, Sayın İ, Gökkuş G, Alatas E, Kaya H, Kayhan F. Effectiveness of Ericksonian hypnosis in tinnitus therapy: preliminary results. B-ENT. 2012;8:7-11.
65. Suvorkina A, Suvorkin O. Hypnotic suggestion for the treatment of tinnitus. Quality in Sport. 2023;9(1):83-7.
66. Tran N, Zewde N, Spiegel D. Hypnosis facilitates psychosomatic improvement in a patient with treatment-resistant idiopathic tinnitus. Am J Clin Hypn. 2024:1-6.
67. Kaye JM, Marlowe FI, Ramchandani D, Berman S, Schindler B, Loscalzo G. Hypnosis as an Aid for Tinnitus Patients. Ear, Nose & Throat Journal. 1994;73(5):309-15.
68. Biesinger E, Kipman U, Schätz S, Langguth B. Qigong for the treatment of tinnitus: a prospective randomized controlled study. J Psychosom Res. 2010;69(3):299-304.
69. Kreuzer PM, Goetz M, Holl M, Schecklmann M, Landgrebe M, Staudinger S, Langguth B. Mindfulness-and body-psychotherapy-based group treatment of chronic tinnitus: a randomized controlled pilot study. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2012;12:235.
70. Buffart LM, van Uffelen JG, Riphagen II, Brug J, van Mechelen W, Brown WJ, Chinapaw MJ. Physical and psychosocial benefits of yoga in cancer patients and survivors, a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC cancer. 2012;12:1-21.
71. Chatterjee N, Chattopadhyay D, Chatterjee I. Management of Tinnitus In Covid-19 Outbreak- A Comparative Study Between Mindfulness Based Tinnitus Stress Reduction And Tinnitus Retraining Therapy. Int Tinnitus J. 2021;25(1):29-33.
72. guideline NG155 N. Tinnitus: assessment and management. Methods. 2020.
2. Bhatt JM, Lin HW, Bhattacharyya N. Prevalence, severity, exposures, and treatment patterns of tinnitus in the United States. JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery. 2016;142(10):959-65.
3. Jarach CM, Lugo A, Scala M, van den Brandt PA, Cederroth CR, Odone A, et al. Global Prevalence and Incidence of Tinnitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Neurol. 2022;79(9):888-900.
4. Adrian D, El Refaie A. The epidemiology of tinnitus. The handbook of tinnitus: Singular; 2000. p. 1-23.
5. Bashar Ali N, Asad Hameed A. The Impact of Tinnitus on Mental Health. Journal of Modern Rehabilitation. 2025;0(-).
6. Tyler RS, Gogel SA, Gehringer AK. Tinnitus activities treatment. Progress in brain research. 2007;166:425-34.
7. Köksoy S, Mehmet Eti C, Karataş M, Vayisoglu Y. The effects of yoga in patients suffering from subjective tinnitus. International archives of otorhinolaryngology. 2018;22:09-13.
8. Hoare DJ, Kowalkowski VL, Kang S, Hall DA. Systematic review and meta‐analyses of randomized controlled trials examining tinnitus management. The Laryngoscope. 2011;121(7):1555-64.
9. He M, Li X, Liu Y, Zhong J, Jiang L, Liu Y, et al. Electroacupuncture for tinnitus: a systematic review. PLoS One. 2016;11(3):e0150600.
10. Cima RFF, Mazurek B, Haider H, Kikidis D, Lapira A, Noreña A, Hoare DJ. A multidisciplinary European guideline for tinnitus: diagnostics, assessment, and treatment. Hno. 2019;67(Suppl 1):10-42.
11. Tavanai E, Mohammadkhani G. A different view on the link between tinnitus and cognition; is there a reciprocal link? International Journal of Neuroscience. 2018;128(12):1188-98.
12. Rauschecker JP, Leaver AM, Mühlau M. Tuning out the noise: limbic-auditory interactions in tinnitus. Neuron. 2010;66(6):819-26.
13. Mohamad N, Hoare DJ, Hall DA. The consequences of tinnitus and tinnitus severity on cognition: A review of the behavioural evidence. Hear Res. 2016;332:199-209.
14. Tegg-Quinn S, Bennett RJ, Eikelboom RH, Baguley DM. The impact of tinnitus upon cognition in adults: A systematic review. Int J Audiol. 2016;55(10):533-40.
15. Fan J, McCandliss BD, Sommer T, Raz A, Posner MI. Testing the efficiency and independence of attentional networks. J Cogn Neurosci. 2002;14(3):340-7.
16. Tai Y, Husain FT. The Role of Cognitive Control in Tinnitus and Its Relation to Speech-in-Noise Performance. J Audiol Otol. 2019;23(1):1-7.
17. Hesser H, Weise C, Westin VZ, Andersson G. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of cognitive–behavioral therapy for tinnitus distress. Clinical Psychology Review. 2011;31(4):545-53.
18. Kabat-Zinn J. An outpatient program in behavioral medicine for chronic pain patients based on the practice of mindfulness meditation: Theoretical considerations and preliminary results. General hospital psychiatry. 1982;4(1):33-47.
19. Kabat-Zinn J. Mindfulness-based interventions in context: past, present, and future. 2003.
20. Rademaker MM, Stegeman I, Ho-Kang-You KE, Stokroos RJ, Smit AL. The Effect of Mindfulness-Based Interventions on Tinnitus Distress. A Systematic Review. Front Neurol. 2019;10:1135.
21. Bishop SR, Lau M, Shapiro S, Carlson L, Anderson ND, Carmody J, et al. Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice. 2004;11(3):230-41.
22. Lewis S, Chowdhury E, Stockdale D, Kennedy V. Assessment and management of tinnitus: summary of NICE guidance. Bmj. 2020;368.
23. McKenna L, Marks EM, Hallsworth CA, Schaette R. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy as a treatment for chronic tinnitus: a randomized controlled trial. Psychotherapy and psychosomatics. 2017;86(6):351-61.
24. Sherlock LP, Ballard-Hernandez J, Boudin-George A, Clark K, Colandrea M, Edmonds C, et al. Clinical Practice Guideline for Management of Tinnitus: Recommendations From the US VA/DOD Clinical Practice Guideline Work Group. JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery. 2025.
25. Feuerstein G. The yoga tradition: Its history, literature, philosophy and practice: SCB Distributors; 2012.
26. Niedziałek I, Raj-Koziak D, Milner R, Wolak T, Ganc M, Wójcik J, et al. Effect of yoga training on the tinnitus induced distress. Complementary therapies in clinical practice. 2019;36:7-11.
27. Pandey S, Mahato NK, Navale R. Role of self-induced sound therapy: Bhramari Pranayama in Tinnitus. Audiological Medicine. 2010;8(3):137-41.
28. Gunjawate DR, Ravi R. Effect of yoga and meditation on tinnitus: a systematic review. J Laryngol Otol. 2021;135(4):284-7.
29. Mason J, Rogerson D. Client-centered hypnotherapy for tinnitus: who is likely to benefit? Am J Clin Hypn. 1995;37(4):294-9.
30. Ross U, Lange O, Unterrainer J, Laszig R. Ericksonian hypnosis in tinnitus therapy: effects of a 28-day inpatient multimodal treatment concept measured by Tinnitus-Questionnaire and Health Survey SF-36. European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology. 2007;264(5):483-8.
31. Jensen MP, Patterson DR. Hypnotic approaches for chronic pain management: clinical implications of recent research findings. American psychologist. 2014;69(2):167.
32. Germer CK. Mindfulness: What is it? What does it matter? Mindfulness and psychotherapy, 2nd ed. New York, NY, US: The Guilford Press; 2013. p. 3-35.
33. Williams JMG, Kuyken W. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy: a promising new approach to preventing depressive relapse. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 2012;200(5):359-60.
34. Marks E, Smith P, McKenna L. I wasn’t at war with the noise: how mindfulness based cognitive therapy changes patients’ experiences of tinnitus. Frontiers in psychology. 2020;11:483.
35. Husain FT, Zimmerman B, Tai Y, Finnegan MK, Kay E, Khan F, et al. Assessing mindfulness-based cognitive therapy intervention for tinnitus using behavioural measures and structural MRI: a pilot study. Int J Audiol. 2019;58(12):889-901.
36. Roland LT, Lenze EJ, Hardin FM, Kallogjeri D, Nicklaus J, Wineland AM, et al. Effects of mindfulness based stress reduction therapy on subjective bother and neural connectivity in chronic tinnitus. Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery. 2015;152(5):919-26.
37. Sadlier M, Stephens S, Kennedy V. Tinnitus rehabilitation: a mindfulness meditation cognitive behavioural therapy approach. The Journal of Laryngology & Otology. 2008;122(1):31-7.
38. McKenna L, Marks EM, Vogt F. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for chronic tinnitus: Evaluation of benefits in a large sample of patients attending a tinnitus clinic. Ear and hearing. 2018;39(2):359-66.
39. Jariengprasert C, Watanapornmongkol K, Kiatthanabumrung S, Wisupagan T. The Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy in the Management of Tinnitus. Int Tinnitus J. 2022;26(1):1-10.
40. Arif M, Sadlier M, Rajenderkumar D, James J, Tahir T. A randomised controlled study of mindfulness meditation versus relaxation therapy in the management of tinnitus. J Laryngol Otol. 2017;131(6):501-7.
41. Philippot P, Nef F, Clauw L, de Romrée M, Segal Z. A Randomized Controlled Trial of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Treating Tinnitus. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy. 2012;19(5):411-9.
42. Gans JJ, O’Sullivan P, Bircheff V. Mindfulness based tinnitus stress reduction pilot study. Mindfulness. 2014;5(3):322-33.
43. Jackson JG, Woolmer CD. An 8-Week Online Body Scan Meditation Intervention for Tinnitus: Accessibility, Adherence, and Rates of Clinically Meaningful Success. Mindfulness. 2024;15(5):1176-87.
44. Walter U, Pennig S, Kottmann T, Bleckmann L, Röschmann-Doose K, Schlee W. Randomized controlled trial of a smartphone-based cognitive behavioral therapy for chronic tinnitus. PLOS Digital Health. 2023;2(9):e0000337.
45. Fitzgerald BP, Stocking C, Ralli M, Sheppard A. At-home meditation for tinnitus management. Hearing, Balance and Communication. 2021;19(2):101-9.
46. Smith AC. Is Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy An Effective Treatment For Adult Patients With Tinnitus? 2020.
47. Jacobson E. Progressive relaxation. The American Journal of Psychology. 1987;100(3/4):522-37.
48. Benson H, Greenwood MM, Klemchuk H. The relaxation response: psychophysiologic aspects and clinical applications. The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine. 1975;6(1-2):87-98.
49. Mojtaba T, Sayed Ali M, Najmeh H, Kiumarth B. The effects of cognitive-behavioral training and muscle relaxation on the degree of tinnitus and the quality of sleep. Auditory and Vestibular Research. 2019;28(3).
50. Dahl CJ, Lutz A, Davidson RJ. Reconstructing and deconstructing the self: cognitive mechanisms in meditation practice. Trends in cognitive sciences. 2015;19(9):515-23.
51. Pascoe MC, de Manincor M, Tseberja J, Hallgren M, Baldwin PA, Parker AG. Psychobiological mechanisms underlying the mood benefits of meditation: A Narrative Review. Comprehensive Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2021:100037.
52. Kim SD. Effects of yogic exercises on life stress and blood glucose levels in nursing students. Journal of physical therapy science. 2014;26(12):2003-6.
53. Kröner-Herwig B, Hebing G, van Rijn-Kalkmann U, Frenzel A, Schilkowsky G, Esser G. The management of chronic tinnitus—comparison of a cognitive-behavioural group training with yoga. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1995;39(2):153-65.
54. Taneja MK. Frequency-Modulated Bhramari Pranayam in Tinnitus and Deafness. Indian Journal of Otology. 2018;24(4).
55. Vanamoorthy M, Mangaiarkarasi N, Manavalan N, Boopalan D. Holistic approach in managing tinnitus with yoga, naturopathy, and acupuncture interventions: A single-case report. Journal of Primary Care Specialties. 2023;4(2):89-92.
56. Kuppusamy M, Kamaldeen D, Pitani R, Amaldas J, Shanmugam P. Effects of Bhramari Pranayama on health–a systematic review. Journal of traditional and complementary medicine. 2018;8(1):11-6.
57. Penazzi G, De Pisapia N. Direct comparisons between hypnosis and meditation: A mini-review. Front Psychol. 2022;13:958185.
58. Yapko MD. Mindfulness and hypnosis: The power of suggestion to transform experience: WW Norton & Company; 2011.
59. Carlson LE, Toivonen K, Flynn M, Deleemans J, Piedalue KA, Tolsdorf E, Subnis U. The Role of Hypnosis in Cancer Care. Curr Oncol Rep. 2018;20(12):93.
60. Folmer RL, Theodoroff SM, Martin WH, Shi Y. Experimental, controversial, and futuristic treatments for chronic tinnitus. J Am Acad Audiol. 2014;25(1):106-25.
61. Maudoux A, Bonnet S, Lhonneux-Ledoux F, Lefebvre P. Ericksonian hypnosis in tinnitus therapy. B ENT. 2007;2:75-8.
62. Attias J, Shemesh Z, Shoham C, Shahar A, Sohmer H. Efficacy of Self-Hypnosis for Tinnitus Relief. Scandinavian Audiology. 1990;19(4):245-9.
63. Attias J, Shemesh Z, Sohmer H, Gold S, Shoham C, Faraggi D. Comparison between Self-Hypnosis, Masking and Attentiveness for Alleviation of Chronic Tinnitus. Audiology. 1993;32(3):205-12.
64. Yazıcı Z, Sayın İ, Gökkuş G, Alatas E, Kaya H, Kayhan F. Effectiveness of Ericksonian hypnosis in tinnitus therapy: preliminary results. B-ENT. 2012;8:7-11.
65. Suvorkina A, Suvorkin O. Hypnotic suggestion for the treatment of tinnitus. Quality in Sport. 2023;9(1):83-7.
66. Tran N, Zewde N, Spiegel D. Hypnosis facilitates psychosomatic improvement in a patient with treatment-resistant idiopathic tinnitus. Am J Clin Hypn. 2024:1-6.
67. Kaye JM, Marlowe FI, Ramchandani D, Berman S, Schindler B, Loscalzo G. Hypnosis as an Aid for Tinnitus Patients. Ear, Nose & Throat Journal. 1994;73(5):309-15.
68. Biesinger E, Kipman U, Schätz S, Langguth B. Qigong for the treatment of tinnitus: a prospective randomized controlled study. J Psychosom Res. 2010;69(3):299-304.
69. Kreuzer PM, Goetz M, Holl M, Schecklmann M, Landgrebe M, Staudinger S, Langguth B. Mindfulness-and body-psychotherapy-based group treatment of chronic tinnitus: a randomized controlled pilot study. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2012;12:235.
70. Buffart LM, van Uffelen JG, Riphagen II, Brug J, van Mechelen W, Brown WJ, Chinapaw MJ. Physical and psychosocial benefits of yoga in cancer patients and survivors, a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC cancer. 2012;12:1-21.
71. Chatterjee N, Chattopadhyay D, Chatterjee I. Management of Tinnitus In Covid-19 Outbreak- A Comparative Study Between Mindfulness Based Tinnitus Stress Reduction And Tinnitus Retraining Therapy. Int Tinnitus J. 2021;25(1):29-33.
72. guideline NG155 N. Tinnitus: assessment and management. Methods. 2020.
| Issue | Articles in Press | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| Keywords | ||
| Tinnitus mindfulness yoga hypnosis mind-body therapies psychological therapy | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Heidari P, Tavanai E, Rasouli A, Khalili ME, Soleimani M, Fatahi F. The Role of Mindfulness, Yoga and Hypnosis in Tinnitus Management; A Comprehensive Narrative Review. jmr. 2025;(-).
