Cultural Adaptation of the “Language-Based Reading Disabilities Checklist” for Persian-Speaking Students: A Psychometric Study
,
Abstract
Purpose: Regarding the prevalence of learning disabilities (LD) and its consequences, availability of a valid and reliable screening tool will help providing early diagnosis and intervention for at-risk students. Significant number of students with LD have a history of language problems, so it is rational to recognize them through a checklist entitled as “Language-Based Reading Disabilities Checklist”. Translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and assessment of psychometric features of mentioned checklist for Persian-speaking students were aims of present study.
Methods: Research team administered forward & backward translations, cognitive briefing, and evaluation of validity and reliability. Content validity and face validity were calculated based on Content Validity Ratio/CVR (critical value ≥ 0.42), Critical Validity Index/CVI (critical value ≥ 0.79), & Item Impact Score/IIS (critical value ≥ 1.5). The Kuder-Richardson-21 was administered to calculate internal consistency.
Result: In translation, two words needed to be equated (‘wanders’ and ‘rhymes’). Teachers assessed the checklist as an easy to understand and clear. They need about five minutes to fill the checklist for each student. The panelists removed two items with CVR ≤ 0.42 and one item based on CVI and IIS. The internal consistency of the checklist was 0.94 and ICC for items were between 0.543 and 0.885.
Conclusion: The Persian version of the language-based reading disabilities checklist is a valid and reliable tool to be applied to the Persian-speaking students in Iran. The applicability of this tool for Iranian students who are bilingual (Turkish, Kurdish, Lor, Arabic, and Baloochi) should be checked.
1. National Center for Learning Disabilities. The State of LD: Understanding the 1 in 5 Washington, D.C.: NCLD; 2017 [Available from: https://www.ncld.org/news/newsroom/the-state-of-ld-understanding-the-1-in-5/.
2. Boat TF, Wu JT. Prevalence of Learning Disabilities. In: Committee to Evaluate the Supplemental Security Income Disability Program for Children with Mental Disorders; Board on the Health of Select Populations; Board on Children Y, and Families; Institute of Medicine; Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education; The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, editor. Mental Disorders and Disabilities Among Low-Income Children Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2015.
3. Behrad b. Meta-analysis of the prevalence of learning disabilities in primary school students in Iran. Research on Exceptional Children. 2006;18(4):417-36 [Persian].
4. Shessel I, Reiff HB. Experiences of Adults with Learning Disabilities: Positive and Negative Impacts and Outcomes. Learning Disability Quarterly. 1999;22(4):305-16.
5. Reiff HB, Gerber PJ, Ginsberg R. Definitions of Learning Disabilities from Adults with Learning Disabilities: The Insiders' Perspectives. Learning Disability Quarterly. 1993;16(2):114-25.
6. Matteucci MC, Scalone L, Tomasetto C, Cavrini G, Selleri P. Health-related quality of life and psychological wellbeing of children with Specific Learning Disorders and their mothers. Research in Developmental Disabilities. 2019;87:43-53.
7. Firat T, Bildiren A. Developmental characteristics of children with learning disabilities aged 0?6 based on parental observations. Current Psychology: A Journal for Diverse Perspectives on Diverse Psychological Issues. 2023.
8. Seyed S, Salmani M, Motahari Nezhad F, Noruzi R. Self-Efficacy, Achievement Motivation, and Academic Progress of Students with Learning Disabilities: A Comparison with Typical Students. Middle East J Rehabil Health Stud. 2017;4(2):e44558.
9. Dyson L. Unanticipated Effects of Children with Learning Disabilities on Their Families. Learning Disability Quarterly. 2010;33(1):43-55.
10. Polloway EA, Smith DJ, Patton JR. Learning Disabilities: An Adult Development Perspective. Learning Disability Quarterly. 1984;7(2):179-86.
11. Banga G, Ghosh S. The impact of affiliate stigma on the psychological well‐being of mothers of children with specific learning disabilities in India: The mediating role of subjective burden. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities. 2017;30(5):958-69.
12. Benassi E, Camia M, Giovagnoli S, Scorza M. Impaired school well-being in children with specific learning disorder and its relationship to psychopathological symptoms. European Journal of Special Needs Education. 2020:71-88.
13. Sakız H, Sart ZH, Börkan B, Korkmaz B, Babür N. Quality of life of children with learning disabilities: A comparison of self‐reports and proxy reports. Learning Disabilities Research & Practice. 2015;30(3):114-26.
14. Lange SM, Thompson B. Early identification and interventions for children at risk for learning disabilities. International Journal of Special Education. 2006;21(3):108-19.
15. Arrhenius B, Gyllenberg D, Vuori M, Tiiri E, Lempinen L, Sourander A. Relative age and specific learning disorder diagnoses: A Finnish population‐based cohort study. JCPP Advances. 2021;1:e12001.
16. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.
17. Mirahadi SS, Soleymani Z, Alayiaboozar E. Developing a Morphological Awareness Test and Determining Its Psychometric Properties for Persian-Speaking Students. JMR. 2023;17(1):36-45.
18. Paul R, Norbury C. Language disorders from infancy through adolescence: Listening, speaking, reading, writing, and communicating: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2012.
19. Snowling MJ, Hulme C, Nation K. Defining and understanding dyslexia: past, present and future. Oxford Review of Education. 2020;46(4):501-13.
20. Schuele CM. The impact of developmental speech and language impairments on the acquisition of literacy skills. Mental retardation and developmental disabilities research reviews. 2004;10(3):176-83.
21. Bishop DV, Adams C. A prospective study of the relationship between specific language impairment, phonological disorders and reading retardation. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry. 1990;31(7):1027-50.
22. Catts H. Defining dyslexia as a developmental language disorder. Annals of Dyslexia. 1989;39:50-64.
23. Catts H. Defining dyslexia as a developmental language disorder: An expanded view. Topics in Language Disorders. 1996;16:14–29.
24. Catts H. The Early Identification of Language-Based Reading Disabilities. Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools. 1997;28:86-9.
25. Catts H, Nielsen D, Bridges M, Liu Y-S. Early Identification of Reading Comprehension Difficulties. Journal of learning disabilities. 2014;49.
26. Alonzo CN, McIlraith AL, Catts HW, Hogan TP. Predicting Dyslexia in Children With Developmental Language Disorder. Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR. 2020;63(1):151-62.
27. Catts H. The relationship between speech-language impairments and reading disabilities. Journal of speech and hearing research. 1993;36(5):948-58.
28. Caravolas M, Lervåg A, Mikulajová M, Defior S, Seidlová-Málková G, Hulme C. A Cross-Linguistic, Longitudinal Study of the Foundations of Decoding and Reading Comprehension Ability. Scientific Studies of Reading. 2019;23(5):386-402.
29. Werfel KL, Al Otaiba S, Kim YS, Wanzek J. Linguistic Predictors of Single-Word Spelling in First Grade Students with Speech and/or Language Impairments. Remedial and special education : RASE. 2021;42(2):118-28.
30. Benway NR, Garcia K, Hitchcock E, McAllister T, Leece MC, Wang Q, et al. Associations Between Speech Perception, Vocabulary, and Phonological Awareness Skill in School-Aged Children With Speech Sound Disorders. Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR. 2021;64(2):452-63.
31. Miller GJ, Lewis B, Benchek P, Freebairn L, Tag J, Budge K, et al. Reading Outcomes for Individuals With Histories of Suspected Childhood Apraxia of Speech. American journal of speech-language pathology. 2019;28(4):1432-47.
32. Mirahadi SS, Soleymani Z, Alayiaboozar E, Dadgar H. Investigating the Relationship Between Morphological Awareness and Reading Skills in the Third and Fourth Grade Dyslexia and Normal Developing Readers. JMR. 2017;11(3):155-60.
33. Justice LM, Invernizzi M, Meier JD. Designing and implementing an early literacy screening protocol: Suggestions for the speech-language pathologist. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools. 2002;33:84-101.
34. Damico JS. Clinical Discourse Analysis: A functional approach to language assessment. Communication skills and classroom success: Assessment of language learning disabled students. San Diego, CA: College-Hill Press; 1985. p. 165-204.
35. Gilliam JE, Miller L. PLSI: Pragmatic Language Skills Inventory: Pro-Ed; 2006.
36. Bishop DV. Children’s Communication Checklist (CCC-2). In: Volkmar FR, editor. Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders. New York, NY: Springer New York; 2013. p. 614-8.
37. Dickinson DK, McCabe A. Bringing it all together: The multiple origins, skills, and environmental supports of early literacy. Learning Disabilities Research & Practice. 2001;16(4):186-202.
38. Badian NA, McAnulty GB, Duffy FH, Als H. Prediction of dyslexia in kindergarten boys. Ann Dyslexia. 1990;40(1):152-69.
39. Catts H. Early identification of reading disabilities. Topics in language disorders. 1991;12(1):1-16.
40. Madadizadeh F, Bahariniya S. Tutorial on how to calculating content validity of scales in medical research. Perioperative Care and Operating Room Management. 2023;31:100315.
41. Beaton DE, Bombardier C, Guillemin F, Ferraz MB. Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Spine. 2000;25(24):3186-91.
42. Haeger H, Lambert AD, Kinzie J, Gieser J. Using cognitive interviews to improve survey instruments. the annual forum of the Association for Institutional Research; New Orleans, Louisiana: Association for Institutional Research Annual Forum; 2012.
43. Lawshe CH. A quantitative approach to content validity. Personnel psychology. 1975;28(4):563-75.
44. Zamanzadeh V, Ghahramanian A, Rassouli M, Abbaszadeh A, Alavi-Majd H, Nikanfar AR. Design and Implementation Content Validity Study: Development of an instrument for measuring Patient-Centered Communication. Journal of caring sciences. 2015;4(2):165-78.
45. Abdollahpour I, Nedjat S, Noroozian M, Majdzadeh R. Performing Content Validation Process in Development of Questionnaires. irje. 2011;6(4):66-74.
46. Beck CT, Gable RK. Ensuring content validity: an illustration of the process. Journal of nursing measurement. 2001;9(2):201-15.
47. Lynn MR. Determination and quantification of content validity. Nursing research. 1986;35(6):382-5.
48. Mousazadeh S, Rakhshan M, Mohammadi F. Investigation of Content and Face Validity and Reliability of Sociocultural Attitude towards Appearance Questionnaire-3 (SATAQ-3) among Female Adolescents. Iranian journal of psychiatry. 2017;12(1):15-20.
49. Lacasse Y, Godbout C, Sériès F. Health-related quality of life in obstructive sleep apnoea. The European respiratory journal. 2002;19(3):499-503.
50. Wild D, Grove A, Martin M, Eremenco S, McElroy S, Verjee-Lorenz A, et al. Principles of Good Practice for the Translation and Cultural Adaptation Process for Patient-Reported Outcomes (PRO) Measures: Report of the ISPOR Task Force for Translation and Cultural Adaptation. Value in Health. 2005;8(2):94-104.
51. Bobak CA, Barr PJ, O’Malley JA. Estimation of an inter-rater intra-class correlation coefficient that overcomes common assumption violations in the assessment of health measurement scales. BMC Medical Research Methodology. 2018;18(1):93-104.
52. Koo TK, Li MY. A Guideline of Selecting and Reporting Intraclass Correlation Coefficients for Reliability Research. Journal of chiropractic medicine. 2016;15(2):155-63.
53. Mohammadi M, Sadollahi A, Ghorbani R. Prevalence of specific language impairment in 5 year-old children of an Iranian. Koomesh journal. 2013;15(2):182-90.
2. Boat TF, Wu JT. Prevalence of Learning Disabilities. In: Committee to Evaluate the Supplemental Security Income Disability Program for Children with Mental Disorders; Board on the Health of Select Populations; Board on Children Y, and Families; Institute of Medicine; Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education; The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, editor. Mental Disorders and Disabilities Among Low-Income Children Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2015.
3. Behrad b. Meta-analysis of the prevalence of learning disabilities in primary school students in Iran. Research on Exceptional Children. 2006;18(4):417-36 [Persian].
4. Shessel I, Reiff HB. Experiences of Adults with Learning Disabilities: Positive and Negative Impacts and Outcomes. Learning Disability Quarterly. 1999;22(4):305-16.
5. Reiff HB, Gerber PJ, Ginsberg R. Definitions of Learning Disabilities from Adults with Learning Disabilities: The Insiders' Perspectives. Learning Disability Quarterly. 1993;16(2):114-25.
6. Matteucci MC, Scalone L, Tomasetto C, Cavrini G, Selleri P. Health-related quality of life and psychological wellbeing of children with Specific Learning Disorders and their mothers. Research in Developmental Disabilities. 2019;87:43-53.
7. Firat T, Bildiren A. Developmental characteristics of children with learning disabilities aged 0?6 based on parental observations. Current Psychology: A Journal for Diverse Perspectives on Diverse Psychological Issues. 2023.
8. Seyed S, Salmani M, Motahari Nezhad F, Noruzi R. Self-Efficacy, Achievement Motivation, and Academic Progress of Students with Learning Disabilities: A Comparison with Typical Students. Middle East J Rehabil Health Stud. 2017;4(2):e44558.
9. Dyson L. Unanticipated Effects of Children with Learning Disabilities on Their Families. Learning Disability Quarterly. 2010;33(1):43-55.
10. Polloway EA, Smith DJ, Patton JR. Learning Disabilities: An Adult Development Perspective. Learning Disability Quarterly. 1984;7(2):179-86.
11. Banga G, Ghosh S. The impact of affiliate stigma on the psychological well‐being of mothers of children with specific learning disabilities in India: The mediating role of subjective burden. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities. 2017;30(5):958-69.
12. Benassi E, Camia M, Giovagnoli S, Scorza M. Impaired school well-being in children with specific learning disorder and its relationship to psychopathological symptoms. European Journal of Special Needs Education. 2020:71-88.
13. Sakız H, Sart ZH, Börkan B, Korkmaz B, Babür N. Quality of life of children with learning disabilities: A comparison of self‐reports and proxy reports. Learning Disabilities Research & Practice. 2015;30(3):114-26.
14. Lange SM, Thompson B. Early identification and interventions for children at risk for learning disabilities. International Journal of Special Education. 2006;21(3):108-19.
15. Arrhenius B, Gyllenberg D, Vuori M, Tiiri E, Lempinen L, Sourander A. Relative age and specific learning disorder diagnoses: A Finnish population‐based cohort study. JCPP Advances. 2021;1:e12001.
16. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.
17. Mirahadi SS, Soleymani Z, Alayiaboozar E. Developing a Morphological Awareness Test and Determining Its Psychometric Properties for Persian-Speaking Students. JMR. 2023;17(1):36-45.
18. Paul R, Norbury C. Language disorders from infancy through adolescence: Listening, speaking, reading, writing, and communicating: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2012.
19. Snowling MJ, Hulme C, Nation K. Defining and understanding dyslexia: past, present and future. Oxford Review of Education. 2020;46(4):501-13.
20. Schuele CM. The impact of developmental speech and language impairments on the acquisition of literacy skills. Mental retardation and developmental disabilities research reviews. 2004;10(3):176-83.
21. Bishop DV, Adams C. A prospective study of the relationship between specific language impairment, phonological disorders and reading retardation. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry. 1990;31(7):1027-50.
22. Catts H. Defining dyslexia as a developmental language disorder. Annals of Dyslexia. 1989;39:50-64.
23. Catts H. Defining dyslexia as a developmental language disorder: An expanded view. Topics in Language Disorders. 1996;16:14–29.
24. Catts H. The Early Identification of Language-Based Reading Disabilities. Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools. 1997;28:86-9.
25. Catts H, Nielsen D, Bridges M, Liu Y-S. Early Identification of Reading Comprehension Difficulties. Journal of learning disabilities. 2014;49.
26. Alonzo CN, McIlraith AL, Catts HW, Hogan TP. Predicting Dyslexia in Children With Developmental Language Disorder. Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR. 2020;63(1):151-62.
27. Catts H. The relationship between speech-language impairments and reading disabilities. Journal of speech and hearing research. 1993;36(5):948-58.
28. Caravolas M, Lervåg A, Mikulajová M, Defior S, Seidlová-Málková G, Hulme C. A Cross-Linguistic, Longitudinal Study of the Foundations of Decoding and Reading Comprehension Ability. Scientific Studies of Reading. 2019;23(5):386-402.
29. Werfel KL, Al Otaiba S, Kim YS, Wanzek J. Linguistic Predictors of Single-Word Spelling in First Grade Students with Speech and/or Language Impairments. Remedial and special education : RASE. 2021;42(2):118-28.
30. Benway NR, Garcia K, Hitchcock E, McAllister T, Leece MC, Wang Q, et al. Associations Between Speech Perception, Vocabulary, and Phonological Awareness Skill in School-Aged Children With Speech Sound Disorders. Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR. 2021;64(2):452-63.
31. Miller GJ, Lewis B, Benchek P, Freebairn L, Tag J, Budge K, et al. Reading Outcomes for Individuals With Histories of Suspected Childhood Apraxia of Speech. American journal of speech-language pathology. 2019;28(4):1432-47.
32. Mirahadi SS, Soleymani Z, Alayiaboozar E, Dadgar H. Investigating the Relationship Between Morphological Awareness and Reading Skills in the Third and Fourth Grade Dyslexia and Normal Developing Readers. JMR. 2017;11(3):155-60.
33. Justice LM, Invernizzi M, Meier JD. Designing and implementing an early literacy screening protocol: Suggestions for the speech-language pathologist. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools. 2002;33:84-101.
34. Damico JS. Clinical Discourse Analysis: A functional approach to language assessment. Communication skills and classroom success: Assessment of language learning disabled students. San Diego, CA: College-Hill Press; 1985. p. 165-204.
35. Gilliam JE, Miller L. PLSI: Pragmatic Language Skills Inventory: Pro-Ed; 2006.
36. Bishop DV. Children’s Communication Checklist (CCC-2). In: Volkmar FR, editor. Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders. New York, NY: Springer New York; 2013. p. 614-8.
37. Dickinson DK, McCabe A. Bringing it all together: The multiple origins, skills, and environmental supports of early literacy. Learning Disabilities Research & Practice. 2001;16(4):186-202.
38. Badian NA, McAnulty GB, Duffy FH, Als H. Prediction of dyslexia in kindergarten boys. Ann Dyslexia. 1990;40(1):152-69.
39. Catts H. Early identification of reading disabilities. Topics in language disorders. 1991;12(1):1-16.
40. Madadizadeh F, Bahariniya S. Tutorial on how to calculating content validity of scales in medical research. Perioperative Care and Operating Room Management. 2023;31:100315.
41. Beaton DE, Bombardier C, Guillemin F, Ferraz MB. Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Spine. 2000;25(24):3186-91.
42. Haeger H, Lambert AD, Kinzie J, Gieser J. Using cognitive interviews to improve survey instruments. the annual forum of the Association for Institutional Research; New Orleans, Louisiana: Association for Institutional Research Annual Forum; 2012.
43. Lawshe CH. A quantitative approach to content validity. Personnel psychology. 1975;28(4):563-75.
44. Zamanzadeh V, Ghahramanian A, Rassouli M, Abbaszadeh A, Alavi-Majd H, Nikanfar AR. Design and Implementation Content Validity Study: Development of an instrument for measuring Patient-Centered Communication. Journal of caring sciences. 2015;4(2):165-78.
45. Abdollahpour I, Nedjat S, Noroozian M, Majdzadeh R. Performing Content Validation Process in Development of Questionnaires. irje. 2011;6(4):66-74.
46. Beck CT, Gable RK. Ensuring content validity: an illustration of the process. Journal of nursing measurement. 2001;9(2):201-15.
47. Lynn MR. Determination and quantification of content validity. Nursing research. 1986;35(6):382-5.
48. Mousazadeh S, Rakhshan M, Mohammadi F. Investigation of Content and Face Validity and Reliability of Sociocultural Attitude towards Appearance Questionnaire-3 (SATAQ-3) among Female Adolescents. Iranian journal of psychiatry. 2017;12(1):15-20.
49. Lacasse Y, Godbout C, Sériès F. Health-related quality of life in obstructive sleep apnoea. The European respiratory journal. 2002;19(3):499-503.
50. Wild D, Grove A, Martin M, Eremenco S, McElroy S, Verjee-Lorenz A, et al. Principles of Good Practice for the Translation and Cultural Adaptation Process for Patient-Reported Outcomes (PRO) Measures: Report of the ISPOR Task Force for Translation and Cultural Adaptation. Value in Health. 2005;8(2):94-104.
51. Bobak CA, Barr PJ, O’Malley JA. Estimation of an inter-rater intra-class correlation coefficient that overcomes common assumption violations in the assessment of health measurement scales. BMC Medical Research Methodology. 2018;18(1):93-104.
52. Koo TK, Li MY. A Guideline of Selecting and Reporting Intraclass Correlation Coefficients for Reliability Research. Journal of chiropractic medicine. 2016;15(2):155-63.
53. Mohammadi M, Sadollahi A, Ghorbani R. Prevalence of specific language impairment in 5 year-old children of an Iranian. Koomesh journal. 2013;15(2):182-90.
| Issue | Articles in Press | |
| Section | Research Article(s) | |
| Keywords | ||
| Dyslexia, Language development Disorders, Psychometrics, Students | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Armin M, Salmani M, Asadi M, Paknazar F. Cultural Adaptation of the “Language-Based Reading Disabilities Checklist” for Persian-Speaking Students: A Psychometric Study. jmr. 2025;(-).
