Effects of Transcranial Direct-Current Stimulation and Cognitive Training on Individuals with Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
,
Abstract
Objectives: To systematically evaluate the most recent evidence regarding the potential short-term and long-term synergistic effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and cognitive training (CT) on memory in individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia and to explore the optimal treatment protocol.
Methods: In accordance with the PRISMA guidelines, a comprehensive literature search on PubMed, Medline, CINAHL, and EMBASE was conducted to identify eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published up to December 2022. The identified studies were summarized and analyzed to examine the efficacy of the combined intervention.
Results: Ten studies involving participants with MCI or dementia were included. Four RCTs with memory-related outcomes were analyzed. A small-to-medium effect size of 0.28 was found for the short-term effect (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.02 to 0.55). However, the long-term effect was non-significant, with an effect size of 0.17 (95% CI, -0.09 to 0.44).
Conclusion: The combined intervention appears to effectively mitigate cognitive decline in the short term only. Optimal treatment protocol remains inconclusive due to heterogeneity among studies. More robust evidence is required to determine whether the combined approach can serve as an effective intervention in clinical practice.
1. Anderson ND. State of the science on mild cognitive impairment (MCI). CNS Spectrums. 2019 Jan 17;24(1):78–87. doi:10.1017/s1092852918001347
2. Petersen RC, Smith GE, Waring SC, Ivnik RJ, Tangalos EG, Kokmen E. Mild cognitive impairment. Archives of Neurology. 1999 Mar 1;56(3):303. doi:10.1001/archneur.56.3.303
3. Prince M. World alzheimer report 2015: The global impact of dementia: An analysis of prevalence, incidence, cost and trends [dissertation]. World Alzheimer report 2015: the global impact of dementia: an analysis of prevalence, incidence, cost and trends. [London]: Alzheimer’s Disease International; 2015.
4. Cummings JL, Morstorf T, Zhong K. Alzheimer’s disease drug-development pipeline: Few candidates, frequent failures. Alzheimer’s Research & Therapy. 2014;6(4):37. doi:10.1186/alzrt269
5. Belleville S. Cognitive training for persons with mild cognitive impairment. International Psychogeriatrics. 2008 Feb;20(1):57–66. doi:10.1017/s104161020700631x
6. Woods AJ, Antal A, Bikson M, Boggio PS, Brunoni AR, Celnik P, et al. A technical guide to tDCS, and related non-invasive brain stimulation tools. Clinical Neurophysiology. 2016 Feb;127(2):1031–48. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2015.11.012
7. Nitsche MA, Cohen LG, Wassermann EM, Priori A, Lang N, Antal A, et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation: State of the art 2008. Brain Stimulation. 2008 Jul;1(3):206–23. doi:10.1016/j.brs.2008.06.004
8. Stagg CJ, Best JG, Stephenson MC, O’Shea J, Wylezinska M, Kincses ZT, et al. Polarity-sensitive modulation of cortical neurotransmitters by transcranial stimulation. The Journal of Neuroscience. 2009 Apr 22;29(16):5202–6. doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4432-08.2009
9. Rozisky, J. R., Antunes, L. C., Brietzke, A. P., de Sousa, A. C., and Caumo, W. (2016). “Transcranial direct current stimulation and neuroplasticity,” in Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS): Emerging Used, Safety and Neurobiological Effects, ed L. Rogers (New York, NY: Nova Science Publishers Inc), 1–26.
10. Stafford J, Brownlow ML, Qualley A, Jankord R. AMPA receptor translocation and phosphorylation are induced by transcranial direct current stimulation in rats. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory. 2018 Apr;150:36–41. doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2017.11.002
11. Ferrucci R, Mameli F, Guidi I, Mrakic-Sposta S, Vergari M, Marceglia S, et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation improves recognition memory in alzheimer disease. Neurology. 2008 Aug 12;71(7):493–8. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000317060.43722.a3
12. Boggio PS, Ferrucci R, Mameli F, Martins D, Martins O, Vergari M, et al. Prolonged visual memory enhancement after direct current stimulation in alzheimer’s disease. Brain Stimulation. 2012 Jul;5(3):223–30. doi:10.1016/j.brs.2011.06.006
13. Kuo M-F, Nitsche MA. Effects of transcranial electrical stimulation on cognition. Clinical EEG and Neuroscience. 2012 Jul;43(3):192–9. doi:10.1177/1550059412444975
14. Cruz Gonzalez P, Fong KN, Brown T. The effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on the cognitive functions in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: A pilot study. Behavioural Neurology. 2018;2018:1–14. doi:10.1155/2018/5971385
15. Bahar-Fuchs A, Martyr A, Goh AM, Sabates J, Clare L. Cognitive training for people with mild to moderate dementia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2019 Mar 25; doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013069.pub2
16. Hill NTM, Mowszowski L, Naismith SL, Chadwick VL, Valenzuela M, Lampit A. Computerized cognitive training in older adults with mild cognitive impairment or dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2017 Apr;174(4):329–40. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16030360
17. Majdi A, van Boekholdt L, Sadigh-Eteghad S, Mc Laughlin M. A systematic review and meta-analysis of transcranial direct-current stimulation effects on cognitive function in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Molecular Psychiatry. 2022 Feb 3;27(4):2000–9. doi:10.1038/s41380-022-01444-7
18. Liberati A. The prisma statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: Explanation and elaboration. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2009 Aug 18;151(4). doi:10.7326/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00136
19. Maher CG, Sherrington C, Herbert RD, Moseley AM, Elkins M. Reliability of the pedro scale for rating quality of randomized controlled trials. Physical Therapy. 2003 Aug 1;83(8):713–21. doi:10.1093/ptj/83.8.713
20. Grober E, Buschke H. Genuine memory deficits in dementia. Developmental Neuropsychology. 1987 Jan;3(1):13–36. doi:10.1080/87565648709540361
21. Borenstein M, Hedges LV, Higgins JPT, Rothstein H. Introduction to meta-analysis. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc; 2021.
22.Borenstein M, Hedges LV, Higgins JPT, Rothstein HR. A basic introduction to fixed-effect and random-effects models for meta-analysis. Research Synthesis Methods. 2010 Apr;1(2):97–111. doi:10.1002/jrsm.12
23. Gignac GE, Szodorai ET. Effect size guidelines for individual differences researchers. Personality and Individual Differences. 2016 Nov;102:74–8. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.06.069
24. Das N, Spence JS, Aslan S, Vanneste S, Mudar R, Rackley A, et al. Cognitive training and transcranial direct current stimulation in mild cognitive impairment: A randomized pilot trial. Frontiers in Neuroscience. 2019 Apr 12;13. doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.00307
25. Manenti R, Sandrini M, Gobbi E, Binetti G, Cotelli M. Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on episodic memory in amnestic mild cognitive impairment: A pilot study. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B. 2018 Nov 5;75(7):1403–13. doi:10.1093/geronb/gby134
26. Gonzalez PC, Fong KNK, Brown T. Transcranial direct current stimulation as an adjunct to cognitive training for older adults with mild cognitive impairment: A randomized controlled trial. Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine. 2021 Sept;64(5):101536. doi:10.1016/j.rehab.2021.101536
27. de Sousa AV, Grittner U, Rujescu D, Külzow N, Flöel A. Impact of 3-day combined anodal transcranial direct current stimulation-visuospatial training on object-location memory in healthy older adults and patients with mild cognitive impairment. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease. 2020 May 5;75(1):223–44. doi:10.3233/jad-191234
28. Cotelli M, Adenzato M, Cantoni V, Manenti R, Alberici A, Enrici I, et al. Enhancing theory of mind in behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia with transcranial direct current stimulation. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience. 2018 Jul 11;18(6):1065–75. doi:10.3758/s13415-018-0622-4
29. Roncero C, Kniefel H, Service E, Thiel A, Probst S, Chertkow H. Inferior parietal transcranial direct current stimulation with training improves cognition in anomic alzheimer’s disease and frontotemporal dementia. Alzheimer’s & Dementia: Translational Research & Clinical Interventions. 2017 Mar 24;3(2):247–53. doi:10.1016/j.trci.2017.03.003
30. Lu H, Chan SS, Chan WC, Lin C, Cheng CP, Linda Chiu Wa L. Randomized controlled trial of TDCS on cognition in 201 seniors with mild neurocognitive disorder. Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology. 2019 Sept 17;6(10):1938–48. doi:10.1002/acn3.50823
31. Cotelli M, Manenti R, Brambilla M, Petesi M, Rosini S, Ferrari C, et al. Anodal tDCS during face-name associations memory training in alzheimer’s patients. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. 2014 Mar 19;6. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2014.00038
32. Rodella C, Bernini S, Panzarasa S, Sinforiani E, Picascia M, Quaglini S, et al. A double-blind randomized controlled trial combining cognitive training (CORE) and neurostimulation (tdcs) in the early stages of cognitive impairment. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research. 2021 Jun 22;34(1):73–83. doi:10.1007/s40520-021-01912-0
33. Inagawa T, Yokoi Y, Narita Z, Maruo K, Okazaki M, Nakagome K. Safety and feasibility of transcranial direct current stimulation for cognitive rehabilitation in patients with mild or major neurocognitive disorders: A randomized sham-controlled pilot study. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 2019 Sept 6;13. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2019.00273
34. Mudar RA, Chapman SB, Rackley A, Eroh J, Chiang H, Perez A, et al. Enhancing latent cognitive capacity in mild cognitive impairment with Gist Reasoning Training: A pilot study. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2016 Apr 25;32(5):548–55. doi:10.1002/gps.4492
35. Mudar RA, Nguyen LT, Eroh J, Chiang H-S, Rackley A, Chapman SB. Event-related neural oscillation changes following reasoning training in individuals with mild cognitive impairment. Brain Research. 2019 Feb;1704:229–40. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2018.10.017
36. Monte-Silva K, Kuo M-F, Hessenthaler S, Fresnoza S, Liebetanz D, Paulus W, et al. Induction of late LTP-like plasticity in the human motor cortex by repeated non-invasive brain stimulation. Brain Stimulation. 2013 May;6(3):424–32. doi:10.1016/j.brs.2012.04.011
37. Mondino M, Jardri R, Suaud-Chagny M-F, Saoud M, Poulet E, Brunelin J. Effects of fronto-temporal transcranial direct current stimulation on auditory verbal hallucinations and resting-state functional connectivity of the left temporo-parietal junction in patients with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 2015 Aug 24;42(2):318–26. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbv114
38. Carlson HL, Ciechanski P, Harris AD, MacMaster FP, Kirton A. Changes in spectroscopic biomarkers after transcranial direct current stimulation in children with perinatal stroke. Brain Stimulation. 2018 Jan;11(1):94–103. doi:10.1016/j.brs.2017.09.007
39. Im JJ, Jeong H, Bikson M, Woods AJ, Unal G, Oh JK, et al. Effects of 6-month at-home transcranial direct current stimulation on cognition and cerebral glucose metabolism in Alzheimer's disease. Brain Stimulation. 2019 Sept;12(5):1222–8. doi:10.1016/j.brs.2019.06.003
40. Pallanti S, Grassi E, Knotkova H, Galli G. Transcranial direct current stimulation in combination with cognitive training in individuals with mild cognitive impairment: A controlled 3-parallel-arm study. CNS Spectrums. 2022 Sept 12;28(4):489–94. doi:10.1017/s1092852922000979
41. Barbey AK, Colom R, Solomon J, Krueger F, Forbes C, Grafman J. An integrative architecture for General Intelligence and executive function revealed by lesion mapping. Brain. 2012 Mar 6;135(4):1154–64. doi:10.1093/brain/aws021
42. Chiang M-C, Barysheva M, Shattuck DW, Lee AD, Madsen SK, Avedissian C, et al. Genetics of brain fiber architecture and intellectual performance. The Journal of Neuroscience. 2009 Feb 18;29(7):2212–24. doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4184-08.2009
43. Yun K, Song I-U, Chung Y-A. Changes in cerebral glucose metabolism after 3 weeks of noninvasive electrical stimulation of mild cognitive impairment patients. Alzheimer’s Research & Therapy. 2016 Dec;8(1). doi:10.1186/s13195-016-0218-6
44. Suemoto CK, Apolinario D, Nakamura-Palacios EM, Lopes L, Paraizo Leite RE, Sales MC, et al. Effects of a non-focal plasticity protocol on apathy in moderate alzheimer’s disease: A randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled trial. Brain Stimulation. 2014 Mar;7(2):308–13. doi:10.1016/j.brs.2013.10.003
45. 1. DUFF K, HUMPHREYSCLARK J, OBRYANT S, MOLD J, SCHIFFER R, SUTKER P. Utility of the RBANS in detecting cognitive impairment associated with alzheimer’s disease: Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive powers. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology. 2008 Sept;23(5):603–12. doi:10.1016/j.acn.2008.06.004
46. Vitaliano PP, Breen AR, Russo J, Albert M, Vitiello MV, Prinz PN. The clinical utility of the Dementia Rating Scale for Assessing Alzheimer Patients. Journal of Chronic Diseases. 1984 Jan;37(9–10):743–53. doi:10.1016/0021-9681(84)90043-2
47. Lau CI, Liu M-N, Cheng F-Y, Wang H-C, Walsh V, Liao Y-Y. Can transcranial direct current stimulation combined with interactive computerized cognitive training boost cognition and gait performance in older adults with mild cognitive impairment? A randomized controlled trial. Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation. 2024 Feb 16;21(1). doi:10.1186/s12984-024-01313-0
2. Petersen RC, Smith GE, Waring SC, Ivnik RJ, Tangalos EG, Kokmen E. Mild cognitive impairment. Archives of Neurology. 1999 Mar 1;56(3):303. doi:10.1001/archneur.56.3.303
3. Prince M. World alzheimer report 2015: The global impact of dementia: An analysis of prevalence, incidence, cost and trends [dissertation]. World Alzheimer report 2015: the global impact of dementia: an analysis of prevalence, incidence, cost and trends. [London]: Alzheimer’s Disease International; 2015.
4. Cummings JL, Morstorf T, Zhong K. Alzheimer’s disease drug-development pipeline: Few candidates, frequent failures. Alzheimer’s Research & Therapy. 2014;6(4):37. doi:10.1186/alzrt269
5. Belleville S. Cognitive training for persons with mild cognitive impairment. International Psychogeriatrics. 2008 Feb;20(1):57–66. doi:10.1017/s104161020700631x
6. Woods AJ, Antal A, Bikson M, Boggio PS, Brunoni AR, Celnik P, et al. A technical guide to tDCS, and related non-invasive brain stimulation tools. Clinical Neurophysiology. 2016 Feb;127(2):1031–48. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2015.11.012
7. Nitsche MA, Cohen LG, Wassermann EM, Priori A, Lang N, Antal A, et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation: State of the art 2008. Brain Stimulation. 2008 Jul;1(3):206–23. doi:10.1016/j.brs.2008.06.004
8. Stagg CJ, Best JG, Stephenson MC, O’Shea J, Wylezinska M, Kincses ZT, et al. Polarity-sensitive modulation of cortical neurotransmitters by transcranial stimulation. The Journal of Neuroscience. 2009 Apr 22;29(16):5202–6. doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4432-08.2009
9. Rozisky, J. R., Antunes, L. C., Brietzke, A. P., de Sousa, A. C., and Caumo, W. (2016). “Transcranial direct current stimulation and neuroplasticity,” in Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS): Emerging Used, Safety and Neurobiological Effects, ed L. Rogers (New York, NY: Nova Science Publishers Inc), 1–26.
10. Stafford J, Brownlow ML, Qualley A, Jankord R. AMPA receptor translocation and phosphorylation are induced by transcranial direct current stimulation in rats. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory. 2018 Apr;150:36–41. doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2017.11.002
11. Ferrucci R, Mameli F, Guidi I, Mrakic-Sposta S, Vergari M, Marceglia S, et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation improves recognition memory in alzheimer disease. Neurology. 2008 Aug 12;71(7):493–8. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000317060.43722.a3
12. Boggio PS, Ferrucci R, Mameli F, Martins D, Martins O, Vergari M, et al. Prolonged visual memory enhancement after direct current stimulation in alzheimer’s disease. Brain Stimulation. 2012 Jul;5(3):223–30. doi:10.1016/j.brs.2011.06.006
13. Kuo M-F, Nitsche MA. Effects of transcranial electrical stimulation on cognition. Clinical EEG and Neuroscience. 2012 Jul;43(3):192–9. doi:10.1177/1550059412444975
14. Cruz Gonzalez P, Fong KN, Brown T. The effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on the cognitive functions in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: A pilot study. Behavioural Neurology. 2018;2018:1–14. doi:10.1155/2018/5971385
15. Bahar-Fuchs A, Martyr A, Goh AM, Sabates J, Clare L. Cognitive training for people with mild to moderate dementia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2019 Mar 25; doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013069.pub2
16. Hill NTM, Mowszowski L, Naismith SL, Chadwick VL, Valenzuela M, Lampit A. Computerized cognitive training in older adults with mild cognitive impairment or dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2017 Apr;174(4):329–40. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16030360
17. Majdi A, van Boekholdt L, Sadigh-Eteghad S, Mc Laughlin M. A systematic review and meta-analysis of transcranial direct-current stimulation effects on cognitive function in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Molecular Psychiatry. 2022 Feb 3;27(4):2000–9. doi:10.1038/s41380-022-01444-7
18. Liberati A. The prisma statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: Explanation and elaboration. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2009 Aug 18;151(4). doi:10.7326/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00136
19. Maher CG, Sherrington C, Herbert RD, Moseley AM, Elkins M. Reliability of the pedro scale for rating quality of randomized controlled trials. Physical Therapy. 2003 Aug 1;83(8):713–21. doi:10.1093/ptj/83.8.713
20. Grober E, Buschke H. Genuine memory deficits in dementia. Developmental Neuropsychology. 1987 Jan;3(1):13–36. doi:10.1080/87565648709540361
21. Borenstein M, Hedges LV, Higgins JPT, Rothstein H. Introduction to meta-analysis. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc; 2021.
22.Borenstein M, Hedges LV, Higgins JPT, Rothstein HR. A basic introduction to fixed-effect and random-effects models for meta-analysis. Research Synthesis Methods. 2010 Apr;1(2):97–111. doi:10.1002/jrsm.12
23. Gignac GE, Szodorai ET. Effect size guidelines for individual differences researchers. Personality and Individual Differences. 2016 Nov;102:74–8. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.06.069
24. Das N, Spence JS, Aslan S, Vanneste S, Mudar R, Rackley A, et al. Cognitive training and transcranial direct current stimulation in mild cognitive impairment: A randomized pilot trial. Frontiers in Neuroscience. 2019 Apr 12;13. doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.00307
25. Manenti R, Sandrini M, Gobbi E, Binetti G, Cotelli M. Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on episodic memory in amnestic mild cognitive impairment: A pilot study. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B. 2018 Nov 5;75(7):1403–13. doi:10.1093/geronb/gby134
26. Gonzalez PC, Fong KNK, Brown T. Transcranial direct current stimulation as an adjunct to cognitive training for older adults with mild cognitive impairment: A randomized controlled trial. Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine. 2021 Sept;64(5):101536. doi:10.1016/j.rehab.2021.101536
27. de Sousa AV, Grittner U, Rujescu D, Külzow N, Flöel A. Impact of 3-day combined anodal transcranial direct current stimulation-visuospatial training on object-location memory in healthy older adults and patients with mild cognitive impairment. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease. 2020 May 5;75(1):223–44. doi:10.3233/jad-191234
28. Cotelli M, Adenzato M, Cantoni V, Manenti R, Alberici A, Enrici I, et al. Enhancing theory of mind in behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia with transcranial direct current stimulation. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience. 2018 Jul 11;18(6):1065–75. doi:10.3758/s13415-018-0622-4
29. Roncero C, Kniefel H, Service E, Thiel A, Probst S, Chertkow H. Inferior parietal transcranial direct current stimulation with training improves cognition in anomic alzheimer’s disease and frontotemporal dementia. Alzheimer’s & Dementia: Translational Research & Clinical Interventions. 2017 Mar 24;3(2):247–53. doi:10.1016/j.trci.2017.03.003
30. Lu H, Chan SS, Chan WC, Lin C, Cheng CP, Linda Chiu Wa L. Randomized controlled trial of TDCS on cognition in 201 seniors with mild neurocognitive disorder. Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology. 2019 Sept 17;6(10):1938–48. doi:10.1002/acn3.50823
31. Cotelli M, Manenti R, Brambilla M, Petesi M, Rosini S, Ferrari C, et al. Anodal tDCS during face-name associations memory training in alzheimer’s patients. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. 2014 Mar 19;6. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2014.00038
32. Rodella C, Bernini S, Panzarasa S, Sinforiani E, Picascia M, Quaglini S, et al. A double-blind randomized controlled trial combining cognitive training (CORE) and neurostimulation (tdcs) in the early stages of cognitive impairment. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research. 2021 Jun 22;34(1):73–83. doi:10.1007/s40520-021-01912-0
33. Inagawa T, Yokoi Y, Narita Z, Maruo K, Okazaki M, Nakagome K. Safety and feasibility of transcranial direct current stimulation for cognitive rehabilitation in patients with mild or major neurocognitive disorders: A randomized sham-controlled pilot study. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 2019 Sept 6;13. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2019.00273
34. Mudar RA, Chapman SB, Rackley A, Eroh J, Chiang H, Perez A, et al. Enhancing latent cognitive capacity in mild cognitive impairment with Gist Reasoning Training: A pilot study. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2016 Apr 25;32(5):548–55. doi:10.1002/gps.4492
35. Mudar RA, Nguyen LT, Eroh J, Chiang H-S, Rackley A, Chapman SB. Event-related neural oscillation changes following reasoning training in individuals with mild cognitive impairment. Brain Research. 2019 Feb;1704:229–40. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2018.10.017
36. Monte-Silva K, Kuo M-F, Hessenthaler S, Fresnoza S, Liebetanz D, Paulus W, et al. Induction of late LTP-like plasticity in the human motor cortex by repeated non-invasive brain stimulation. Brain Stimulation. 2013 May;6(3):424–32. doi:10.1016/j.brs.2012.04.011
37. Mondino M, Jardri R, Suaud-Chagny M-F, Saoud M, Poulet E, Brunelin J. Effects of fronto-temporal transcranial direct current stimulation on auditory verbal hallucinations and resting-state functional connectivity of the left temporo-parietal junction in patients with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 2015 Aug 24;42(2):318–26. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbv114
38. Carlson HL, Ciechanski P, Harris AD, MacMaster FP, Kirton A. Changes in spectroscopic biomarkers after transcranial direct current stimulation in children with perinatal stroke. Brain Stimulation. 2018 Jan;11(1):94–103. doi:10.1016/j.brs.2017.09.007
39. Im JJ, Jeong H, Bikson M, Woods AJ, Unal G, Oh JK, et al. Effects of 6-month at-home transcranial direct current stimulation on cognition and cerebral glucose metabolism in Alzheimer's disease. Brain Stimulation. 2019 Sept;12(5):1222–8. doi:10.1016/j.brs.2019.06.003
40. Pallanti S, Grassi E, Knotkova H, Galli G. Transcranial direct current stimulation in combination with cognitive training in individuals with mild cognitive impairment: A controlled 3-parallel-arm study. CNS Spectrums. 2022 Sept 12;28(4):489–94. doi:10.1017/s1092852922000979
41. Barbey AK, Colom R, Solomon J, Krueger F, Forbes C, Grafman J. An integrative architecture for General Intelligence and executive function revealed by lesion mapping. Brain. 2012 Mar 6;135(4):1154–64. doi:10.1093/brain/aws021
42. Chiang M-C, Barysheva M, Shattuck DW, Lee AD, Madsen SK, Avedissian C, et al. Genetics of brain fiber architecture and intellectual performance. The Journal of Neuroscience. 2009 Feb 18;29(7):2212–24. doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4184-08.2009
43. Yun K, Song I-U, Chung Y-A. Changes in cerebral glucose metabolism after 3 weeks of noninvasive electrical stimulation of mild cognitive impairment patients. Alzheimer’s Research & Therapy. 2016 Dec;8(1). doi:10.1186/s13195-016-0218-6
44. Suemoto CK, Apolinario D, Nakamura-Palacios EM, Lopes L, Paraizo Leite RE, Sales MC, et al. Effects of a non-focal plasticity protocol on apathy in moderate alzheimer’s disease: A randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled trial. Brain Stimulation. 2014 Mar;7(2):308–13. doi:10.1016/j.brs.2013.10.003
45. 1. DUFF K, HUMPHREYSCLARK J, OBRYANT S, MOLD J, SCHIFFER R, SUTKER P. Utility of the RBANS in detecting cognitive impairment associated with alzheimer’s disease: Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive powers. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology. 2008 Sept;23(5):603–12. doi:10.1016/j.acn.2008.06.004
46. Vitaliano PP, Breen AR, Russo J, Albert M, Vitiello MV, Prinz PN. The clinical utility of the Dementia Rating Scale for Assessing Alzheimer Patients. Journal of Chronic Diseases. 1984 Jan;37(9–10):743–53. doi:10.1016/0021-9681(84)90043-2
47. Lau CI, Liu M-N, Cheng F-Y, Wang H-C, Walsh V, Liao Y-Y. Can transcranial direct current stimulation combined with interactive computerized cognitive training boost cognition and gait performance in older adults with mild cognitive impairment? A randomized controlled trial. Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation. 2024 Feb 16;21(1). doi:10.1186/s12984-024-01313-0
| Issue | Articles in Press | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| Keywords | ||
| Rehabilitation, Cognitive dysfunction, Transcranial direct current stimulation, Cognitive training, Neurosciences | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Yin CK, Hei C. Effects of Transcranial Direct-Current Stimulation and Cognitive Training on Individuals with Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. jmr. 2024;(-).
