Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Modern Rehabilitation 2538-385X 16 4 2022 10 01 290 297 Masoud Khorrami-Nejad Department of Optometry, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Ali Gheibi Translational Ophthalmology Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Taghi Naghdi Department of Optometry, Rehabilitation Research Center, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mohsen Heirani Translational Ophthalmology Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2021 08 12 2021 08 24 Myopia has become a pandemic disease in the past few years and its sight-threatening consequences associated with high myopia have been a challenging issue for most public health societies. Controlling myopia progression has also become a global concern for many people particularly, parents of myopic children. Accordingly, a large body of work has been devoted to considering different optical and non-optical methods to prevent or retard myopia progression. Different optical strategies such as sunder correction, monofocal spectacles or contact lenses, bifocal or progressive spectacle lenses, multifocal contact lenses, gas-permeable (GP) contact lenses, and orthokeratology (ortho-K) have been proposed to slow down the myopia progression. Although the effectiveness of these treatment strategies has been vastly studied, there are some debates concerning the most efficient method in controlling myopia progression. The present study reviewed the current optical therapies to control the progression of myopia. A literature review revealed that optical strategies, such as myopic under correction, monofocal spectacles or contact lenses, GP contact lenses, and bifocal and multifocal spectacle lenses did not provide a clinically significant reduction in myopia progression. In contrast, ortho-K and newly introduced multifocal soft contact lenses may significantly slow myopia progression. https://jmr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmr/article/view/521

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Modern Rehabilitation 2538-385X 16 4 2022 08 10 298 303 Karrar Albomahmood Department of Physical Therapy, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Azadeh Shadmehr Department of Physical Therapy, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mohammad Reza Hadian Department of Physical Therapy, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Shohreh Jalaie Department of Physical Therapy, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Jameel Tahseen Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Babylon, Babil, Iraq. Sara Fereydounnia Department of Physical Therapy, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2021 04 20 2021 06 12 Introduction: To demonstrate the effectiveness of extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) in treating active trigger points to relieve pain and increase range of motion (ROM) and improve the function of the cervical region in fewer sessions. Materials and Methods: In this single-group, pretest-posttest study, 15 participants with active myofascial trigger points (MTrPs) in the upper trapezius muscle took part. Before and after each treatment, visual analog scale (VAS), pressure pain threshold (PPT), neck disability index (NDI) questionnaire, and range of active contra lateral flexion (CLF) were assessed. Participants were given three treatments over a week, with at least a two-day break between them, and then all outcomes were evaluated. Results: The general results of this study demonstrate a significant reduction in pain perception in terms of VAS (P=0.0001), increased pressure pain threshold (P=0.0001), increased CLF of ROM (P=0.0001), and improved neck function by reduction of NDI (P=0.0001), after the third session of ESWT intervention in participants with MTrP in the upper trapezius muscle. Conclusion: It reveals that ESWT has positive effects on pain reduction, cervical range of motion, and cervical function in participants treated with MTrPs in the upper trapezius muscle. https://jmr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmr/article/view/434

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Modern Rehabilitation 2538-385X 16 4 2022 10 01 304 311 Mona Herasi Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. Sedighe Kahrizi Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. Maryam Hoviattalab Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran. 2021 04 01 2021 07 26 Introduction: The flexible-bar with a small amplitude of 5 Hz, which transmits vibrations to the trunk, enables the activation of the core muscles that can be used to rehabilitate subjects with low back pain. Two types of exercise direction that can affect trunk muscles of low back pain subjects similar control group are not known. This study aimed to evaluate and compare exercises with two directions of the oscillating flexible poles in people with and without low back pain (LBP). Materials and Methods: Twelve women with Mean±SD age of 28.75±2.92 years, and body mass index (BMI) of 22.31±2.10 kg/m2 and a history of low back pain, and 12 healthy subjects with Mean±SD age of 28.75±2.49 years and BMI of 21.59±1.50 kg/m2 voluntarily participated in this study. The electromyography (EMG) signals of trunk muscles were measured during two handheld oscillating flexible bars in two directions. The root means square (RMS) of signals for each muscle is normalized by the maximum RMS. Results: The results of comparing two types of exercise in two groups showed significant differences for left external oblique (P=0.017), right external internal oblique (0.002), and left internal oblique (0.008). Also, the difference in the interaction between group×exercise was significant only for left internal oblique (P=0.026). Conclusion: Muscle activity in the low back pain group appears different while performing exercises with a flexible-bar compared to the control group. This confirms motor control impairment in these populations and having different strategies for trunk co-activation during exercise. https://jmr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmr/article/view/413

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Modern Rehabilitation 2538-385X 16 4 2022 10 01 312 320 Soheyl Jamalipour Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Physiotherapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Shabnam ShahAli Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Physiotherapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Javad Abdolhamidi Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Physiotherapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Saman Salehi Department of Physiotherapy, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2021 08 08 2021 09 12 Introduction: Weakness of hip muscles is common in individuals with chronic non-specific low back pain (CNSLBP). Also, hip joint performance can be influenced by the weakness of hip muscles. This study aimed to compare the strength and performance of hip adductor and abductor muscles between subjects with and without CNSLBP and to investigate their association with disability level. Materials and Methods: This case-control study included 41 participants with CNSLBP and 41 healthy participants. The strength of hip abductor and adductor muscles were measured using a dynamometer and their performance was assessed using the one-leg hop test. The disability level in the CNSLBP group was assessed using the oswestry disability index (ODI). Data were analyzed using an independent sample t test and Pearson correlation coefficient. Results: No significant differences were observed between groups for hip muscle strength. One-leg hop test scores of the left lower extremity in the lateral direction were significantly higher in the CNSLBP group compared to the control group. Also, no significant relationships were observed between the total score of ODI and hip muscle strength or performance in the CNSLBP group. Conclusion: It’s recommended that evaluation and exercise therapy of participants with CNSLBP be performed during functional performance tasks. https://jmr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmr/article/view/515

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Modern Rehabilitation 2538-385X 16 4 2022 10 01 321 329 Masoomeh Salmani Neuromuscular Rehabilitation Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran. Raheb Ghorbani Neuromuscular Rehabilitation Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran. Fatemeh Paknazar Neuromuscular Rehabilitation Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran. Jalal Bakhtiyari Department of Speech Therapy, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Fatemeh Ranjbar Student Research Committee, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran. Majid Gholamzadeh Student Research Committee, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran. 2021 08 02 2021 10 16 Introduction: In recent years, some studies have indicated that some aspects of language performance of children from low socioeconomic status (SES) families are lower in language tests. Appropriate and timely interventions can partially prevent communication problems in these children. This study aimed to investigate the effect of a parental education program on word acquisition rates in Iranian toddlers from low SES families. Materials and Methods: Sixty-six mothers (toddlers aged 12-14 months) participated in this randomized controlled trial study. These mothers were allocated to the experimental group and control group using the randomization method of the permuted block (each block=6). After baseline assessments, mothers in the experimental group received parental education program aimed at enriching the mother-child interactions and mothers’ knowledge of communication development for 9 weeks. The control group did not receive any education. The outcome measures were children’s scores on the Persian version of the McArthur-Bates communicative development inventories and mothers’ scores in multiple-choice exams regarding workshops’ contents. Data were analyzed using of Chi-square test, independent t test and paired samples t-test, Mann-Whitney U-test, and Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results: Both groups had a significant increase in vocabulary size, while changes in the experimental group were more than double that of the control group (P<0.001). Other aspects of communicative behaviors, such as imitation, naming, and intentionality were changed only in the experimental group according to the course of typical development (P<0.001). Mothers significantly got higher scores after the workshops in a multiple-choice exam regarding children’s communication, language, and interaction (P<0.001). Conclusion: The results demonstrate that mothers’ knowledge of communication development is malleable and probably has positive effects on the communication behaviors of toddlers from low SES backgrounds. https://jmr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmr/article/view/510

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Modern Rehabilitation 2538-385X 16 4 2022 10 01 330 337 EN Peyman Zamani Hearing Research Center, Clinical Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. Mohammad Akhani Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. Yasaman Negravi Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. Donya Hatami-Monjezi Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Ayda Abdi-Dezfuli Department of Speech Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. Mohammad Rezaei Autism Spectrum Disorders Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. 2021 03 31 2021 10 26 Introduction: The voice is a professional tool for speech-language pathologists (SLPs). Due to the daily professional use of voice, SLPs, especially novices in this profession are exposed to voice injuries and disorders. Identifying high-risk vocal behaviors in this group can prevent the spread of more serious laryngeal injuries. This study aimed to investigate voice fatigue symptoms in speech therapy students. Materials and Methods: In this study, 129 speech therapy students were divided into two main groups of in-turns and ex-turns. In three sections of the semester (beginning, middle, and end), the vocal fatigue index (VFI) questionnaire and two auditory-perceptual voice scales were completed for both groups. The within-between comparisons were made by considering other side factors, such as gender and students’ professional knowledge status in SPSS software v. 19.0. Results: In the in-turns group, the mean score of VFI at the middle (P=0.025) and the end (P=0.010) of the semester were significantly higher than at the beginning of the semester. Also, the mean score VFI of the in-turns at the middle and end of the semester were higher than of the ex-turned speech therapy students (P=0.011). The effects of students’ gender and their knowledge status on the findings were not statistically significant (P>0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that new vocal-speech behaviors related to clinical activities in the clinic environment of speech therapy can increase laryngeal tensions and vocal fatigue in in-turned speech therapy students. https://jmr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmr/article/view/412

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Modern Rehabilitation 2538-385X 16 4 2022 10 01 338 346 Sepideh Yousefvand Department of Speech Therapy, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Hooshang Dadgar Department of Speech Therapy, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. https://jmr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmr/article/view/1443

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Modern Rehabilitation 2538-385X 20 2 2026 04 01 175 183 Jayashree Duraimurugan Saveetha College of Physiotherapy, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India. Shenbaga Sundaram Subramanian Saveetha College of Physiotherapy, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India. Mohamed Sahal Saveetha College of Physiotherapy, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India. Diovin Derose Vianni Saveetha College of Physiotherapy, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India. Eunice Keren Singarayar Sri Ramakrishna College of Physiotherapy, Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Paramedical Sciences (SRIPMS), Coimbatore, India. Fadwa Alhalaiqa Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar. 2025 10 19 2025 12 07 Introduction: Low back pain (LBP) is a musculoskeletal disorder commonly associated with altered gait patterns; however, little information exists on comparative specific spatiotemporal gait parameters in individuals with LBP. This gap is addressed in the present study by comparing the mean values of stride length, step length, and stride time, as well as corresponding measures of hip extension and peak knee flexion angle, using Kinovea software (version 0.9.5). Materials and Methods: This observational study included 200 participants, 100 healthy individuals (group I) and 100 individuals with LBP (group II). The inclusion and exclusion criteria were used to select the study participants. All participants underwent a gait analysis using Kinovea software (version 0.9.5), and gait parameters, including stride length, step time, and hip extension, were also measured. Statistical associations between gait parameters and LBP presence were analyzed. Results: Subjects with LBP showed significant gait alteration with decreased stride length (mean difference [MD] 32.93 cm, P=0.001), decreased step length (18.52 cm, P=0.001), and reduced hip extension (1.88°, P=0.001) with weak to moderate correlation (r=0.214-0.282). These gait impairments were independent of the body composition. Conclusion: This study identifies significant changes in gait patterns between patients with and without LBP, as revealed by Kinovea software (version 0.9.5), characterized by shorter step length, longer temporal duration, and lower hip extension magnitude. These results provide quantifiable differences in gait dynamics due to inter-individual differences observed clinically. https://jmr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmr/article/view/1450

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Modern Rehabilitation 2538-385X 20 2 2026 04 01 184 198 Maryam Alizadeh Department of Speech Therapy, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Azar Mehri Department of Speech Therapy, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Shohreh Jalaie Department of Physiotherapy, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Edythe A. Strand Mayo College of Medicine, Rochester, United States of America. & Mayo Clinic, Rochester, United States of America. 2025 10 20 2026 01 31 Introduction: Dynamic temporal and tactile cueing (DTTC) is a treatment method for childhood apraxia of speech (AOS), and its characteristics make it a suitable option for treating patients with AOS. Additionally, no documented treatment protocol has been published in Iran for the treatment of patients with AOS. This study protocol aims to investigate the efficacy of DTTC in the treatment of Persian-speaking patients with acquired AOS, who will be recruited using non-probability, convenience sampling. Materials and Methods: A single-subject study with multiple baseline designs across participants was designed to obtain detailed information about the intervention procedure on at least three participants’ performance, and a perceptual scoring system was introduced to measure the accuracy of treated and untreated words and phrases as a dependent variable. Results: The results of a visual analysis will be provided based for the assessment of participants at three phases of baseline, treatment, and follow-up, and the effect sizes will be reported. Conclusion: This study describes the first research investigating the efficacy of DTTC on the speech of AOS patients and the first treatment protocol for Persian-speaking patients with AOS. https://jmr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmr/article/view/1451

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Modern Rehabilitation 2538-385X 20 2 2026 04 01 199 210 EN Kiana Ghasrhamidi Department of Speech Therapy, Rehabilitation Research Centre, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Arezoo Saffarian Department of Speech Therapy, Rehabilitation Research Centre, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Reyhane Mohamadi Department of Speech Therapy, Rehabilitation Research Centre, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Seyed Amir Hasan Habibi Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Rasoul Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Nahid Jalilevand Department of Speech Therapy, Rehabilitation Research Centre, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2025 11 04 2026 02 01 Introduction: Parkinson’s disease (PD) affects not only motor function but also cognition and language, including narrative discourse, which relies on linguistic processes and higher-order cognitive functions, such as working memory and executive functions. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between narrative discourse features and cognitive functions in Persian-speaking patients with PD. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 26 patients with PD and 26 age-, sex-, and education-matched healthy controls participated. Cognitive performance was assessed using the Persian Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA-P), digit span, Stroop, verbal fluency, and the Persian cognitive reserve index (CRIq). Narrative discourse was evaluated using the Persian narrative discourse test. Data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney test and Spearman correlation. Results: In patients with PD, syntactic complexity correlated positively with MoCA-P (P=0.001, rs=0.627), CRIq (P=0.012, rs=0.487), phonological verbal fluency (P=0.032, rs=0.420), and forward digit span (P=0.015, rs=0.472). Lexical cohesion correlated with MoCA-P (P=0.012, rs=0.484) and CRIq (P=0.002, rs=0.573), while conjunctive cohesion was associated with MoCA-P (P=0.022, rs=0.448) and semantic verbal fluency (fruits) (P=0.041, rs=0.404). Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrate that higher levels of global cognition, working memory, verbal fluency, and cognitive reserve are associated with increased syntactic complexity and enhanced lexical and conjunctive cohesion in the narrative discourse of patients with PD. These findings indicate that cognitive decline adversely affects narrative organization and structural integrity. https://jmr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmr/article/view/1461

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Modern Rehabilitation 2538-385X 20 2 2026 02 10 211 224 Thandavamurthy Jayasree Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering Guindy, Anna University, Chennai, India. Palchamy Pragathi Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering Guindy, Anna University, Chennai, India. Saravanan Premkumar Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering Guindy, Anna University, Chennai, India. Senthilkumar Revathi Sree Krishna Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering Guindy, Anna University, Chennai, India. 2025 10 10 2026 02 10 Introduction: Back pain remains a prevalent musculoskeletal condition with significant implications for quality of life and long-term spinal health. Conventional rehabilitation approaches often suffer from low patient adherence and limited engagement, highlighting the need for innovative, technology-driven solutions that motivate sustained therapeutic participation. Materials and Methods: A real-time pose detection system was integrated with a Unity-based gaming platform to deliver personalized exercise regimens targeting flexibility, strength, and postural correction. The system incorporated computer vision algorithms for real-time biomechanical analysis and immediate performance feedback. Three therapeutic exercises were evaluated: the knee-to-chest stretch (cross crunches), side bend, and forward and backward bends. Exercise performance was gamified within the Unity engine to enhance user motivation and adherence. Results: The system successfully detected and analysed user performance across all three target exercises in real time. A measurable improvement in user scoring patterns was observed over successive sessions, indi