Journal of Modern Rehabilitation

Event-Related Potentials in Verbal Episodic Memory in Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Scoping Review

Hamidreza Farmani, Ahmadreza Khatoonabadi, Mohammadreza Hadian Rasanani — Tue, 24 Feb 2026 09:23:30 +0330

Introduction: Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) is considered a transitional stage between normal cognitive aging and Alzheimer’s disease. Given the challenges in accurately distinguishing MCI from the healthy elderly (HE), researchers have increasingly turned to event-related potentials (ERPs) to identify early neural changes, particularly in verbal and episodic memory processing.
Methods: This review synthesizes ERP studies from 2000 to 2025 that utilized verbal episodic memory paradigms to differentiate between MCI and HE. The databases PsycINFO and PubMed were searched for peer-reviewed articles. The reporting of this review follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews checklist.
Results: In these studies, core aspects of verbal processing—including semantic congruity and recognition—combined with episodic memory manipulation have consistently reported alterations in ERP components such as the N400, FN400, and Late Positive Component (LPC) in MCI. Reduced or delayed N400 and LPC responses, as well as altered scalp distributions, have been shown to be sensitive to verbal memory deficits in MCI, often preceding behavioral impairments. Moreover, ERP paradigms integrating semantic and episodic memory have shown that the interaction between memory systems further enhances diagnostic precision.
Conclusion: The reviewed literature highlights that verbal ERP paradigms are not only effective in differentiating MCI from HE but also capture subtle neurophysiological changes that might be overlooked by behavioral measures alone. These results underscore the potential of ERPs as non-invasive, cost-effective biomarkers for early cognitive impairment.

Coating-Type Selection in Iranian Optical Retail: Socioeconomic Stratification, Online Purchasing, and a 10-Year Forecast

Mohammad Amin Khorraminejad, Lars Rickmann, Masoud Khorrami-Nejad — Tue, 17 Feb 2026 09:11:30 +0330

Understanding how spectacle‑lens coating types are distributed across retail channels is essential for anticipating demand and guiding inventory and service planning. In Iran, optical retail operates through distinct socioeconomic and purchasing channels, including high‑income area stores, low‑income area stores, and online shops, each associated with different levels of affordability and product assortment. This editorial summarizes coating‑type selection patterns across these segments and interprets observed time trends and 10‑year logarithmic forecasts to outline plausible market evolution. Data from 4,615 ophthalmic lenses were analyzed, comprising 2,521 lenses from high‑income area stores, 1,674 from low‑income area stores, and 420 from online shops. Anti‑reflex coatings constituted the dominant baseline option in physical retail settings, whereas Blue Cut lenses occupied a broadly accessible mid‑tier position across income groups. In contrast, Blue Control lenses, representing a premium blue‑light‑filtering option, were minimally represented in low‑income retail but accounted for nearly half of online sales, reflecting a strong affordability and channel‑specific gradient. Photochromic lenses formed a smaller but persistent share across all segments. Hard coating (CR‑39 without coating) was observed exclusively in low‑income stores, consistent with budget‑constrained purchasing. Time‑trend analysis and 10‑year forecasts suggest that premium‑feature growth will remain concentrated in affluent retail environments and the online channel, while low‑income stores are likely to continue transitioning away from the lowest‑quality lens options. The pace of this transition is expected to depend on supply‑chain stability, inventory capability, and the availability of affordable mid‑tier alternatives. Overall, coating‑type selection in Iranian optical retail reflects durable socioeconomic segmentation, with implications for demand forecasting, inventory management, and service planning over the coming decade.

Computer Vision-Augmented Exergaming for Spine Health

Tue, 10 Feb 2026 10:38:21 +0330

This research introduces a novel, technology-driven approach to back pain rehabilitation by integrating real-time pose detection with interactive Unity-based gaming experiences. Our system delivers personalized exercise regimens targeting flexibility, strength, and posture while providing users with immediate feedback. User friendly gaming platform was developed using the Unity engine that integrates real-time analysis of physical exercises. The system successfully analysed the performance of three major exercises Knee-to-chest stretch (cross crunches), side bend, forward and backward bends and demonstrated a measurable improvement in the user scoring pattern, suggesting enhanced engagement and effective performance analysis. By successfully gamifying these therapeutic exercises, we aim to significantly boost user engagement and adherence to treatment protocols, leading to improved long-term spinal health outcomes. This framework offers a dynamic, adaptable, and highly scalable solution for individuals with varying rehabilitation needs, demonstrating the potential to profoundly impact the quality of life for those affected by back pain. Transforming exercises into a game is key to driving better, sustained outcomes that helps in achieving superior long-term therapeutic results.

The Relationship between Narrative Discourse Features and Cognitive Functions in Persian-Speaking Patients with Parkinson’s Disease

Mon, 02 Feb 2026 08:35:17 +0330

Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) affects not only motor function but also cognition and language, including narrative discourse, which relies on linguistic processes and higher-order cognitive functions such as working memory and executive functions. So, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between narrative discourse features and cognitive functions in Persian-speaking PD patients.
Material and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 26 PD patients and 26 age, sex, and education-matched healthy controls participated. Cognitive performance was assessed using the Persian Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA-P), digit span, Stroop, verbal fluency, and the Persian Cognitive Reserve Index (CRIq). Narrative discourse was evaluated using the Persian Narrative Discourse Test. Data were analyzed with the Mann-Whitney test and Spearman correlation.
Results: In PD patients, syntactic complexity correlated positively with MoCA-P (p = 0.001, rₛ = 0.627), CRIq (p = 0.012, rₛ = 0.487), phonological verbal fluency (p = 0.032, rₛ = 0.420), and forward digit span (p = 0.015, rₛ = 0.472). Lexical cohesion correlated with MoCA-P (p = 0.012, rₛ = 0.484) and CRIq (p = 0.002, rₛ = 0.573), while conjunctive cohesion was associated with MoCA-P (p = 0.022, rₛ = 0.448) and semantic verbal fluency (fruits) (p = 0.041, rₛ = 0.404).
Conclusions: The results of this study demonstrate that higher levels of global cognition, working memory, verbal fluency, and cognitive reserve are associated with increased syntactic complexity and enhanced lexical and conjunctive cohesion in the narrative discourse of patients with PD. These findings indicate that cognitive decline adversely affects narrative organization and structural integrity.

Investigating Dynamic Temporal and Tactile Cueing Efficacy in Stroke Patients with Apraxia of Speech: A Study Protocol with Single Subject Design

Maryam Alizadeh, Azar Mehri, Shohreh Jalaie, Edythe A. Strand — Mon, 02 Feb 2026 08:23:19 +0330

Background: To introduce Dynamic Temporal and Tactile Cueing (DTTC), which is one of the treatment methods for Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS), and it seems the characteristics make it a suitable option for the treatment of AOS patients. Additionally, no documented treatment protocol has been published in Iran for the treatment of AOS patients so far, so this study protocol intends to investigate the DTTC efficacy in the treatment of Persian-speaking patients with acquired AOS who will be allocated to this study using a non-probability and convenience method.
Material and Methods: A single subject study with multiple baseline design across participants was designed to obtain detailed information about intervention procedure on at least three participants' performance and a perceptual scoring system was introduced to measure the accuracy of treated and untreated words and phrases as a dependent variable.
Conclusions: This study describes the first research for investigating efficacy of DTTC on AOS patients' speech and the first treatment protocol in the field of treating Persian-speaking patients with AOS.