Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Modern Rehabilitation 2538-385X 0 - 2026 04 29 1512 1512 Masoud Khorrami-Nejad Department of Optometry, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hadeel Nashee Jaber Department of Optometry, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2026 04 22 2026 04 29 Duane Retraction Syndrome (DRS) is a congenital cranial dysinnervation disorder characterized by limitation of horizontal ocular movements, globe retraction, and narrowing of the palpebral fissure on attempted adduction. Although surgical alignment has traditionally been emphasized in the management of DRS, refractive abnormalities and amblyopia represent critical determinants of long‑term visual outcome that are often underrecognized. Large clinical series demonstrate that unilateral involvement predominates, with type I being the most common subtype, and consistent female and left‑eye preponderance. Across studies, refractive errors are frequently encountered, with hyperopia and hyperopic astigmatism most commonly reported, although myopia, astigmatism, and anisometropia are also prevalent. Amblyopia affects approximately one‑fifth of patients overall and occurs more frequently in bilateral disease. Both strabismic and anisometropic mechanisms contribute, reflecting the combined impact of ocular misalignment, suppression, and unequal refractive input during critical periods of visual development. Accurate refractive assessment in DRS poses unique clinical challenges. Abnormal head posture, ocular motility limitation, co‑contraction of horizontal recti, and fixation instability—particularly in children with amblyopia—may compromise the reliability of subjective refraction. Subtle interocular differences in unilateral cases can be amblyogenic and require careful detection. Careful refraction, with meticulous attention to head position and fixation stability, is therefore essential. Early identification and timely optical correction are fundamental to preventing avoidable visual impairment. Refractive management should be regarded as a cornerstone of comprehensive DRS care, complementing surgical and orthoptic strategies to optimize visual development and functional outcomes. https://jmr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmr/article/view/1512