Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Modern Rehabilitation 2538-385X 19 2 2025 04 01 120 130 Yasir Shakor Azadi Teaching Hospital Kirkuk, Iraq Raheleh Moravej School of Rehabilitation, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ali Majdi Optical Techniques Department, College of Health and Medical Techniques, Al-Mustaqbal University, 51001, Babylon, Iraq Razieh Bahreini Department of Vision Science, Pacific University College of Optometry, Forest Grove, Oregon, United States 2024 10 29 2024 12 28 The third cranial nerve (oculomotor nerve) plays an essential role in the function of ocular movement and mainly innervates the inferior oblique, medial rectus, inferior rectus, superior rectus, levator palpebrae, pupillary sphincter, and ciliary muscle. The most frequent clinical manifestations of oculomotor nerve palsy are ophthalmoplegia, ptosis, pupillary dysfunction, and diplopia. The etiology of oculomotor nerve palsy is complex, including congenital tumors, craniocerebral trauma, intracranial inflammation, diabetes, intracranial aneurysm, cerebrovascular infarction or hemorrhagic disease, myasthenia gravis, multiple myeloma demyelinating diseases, and other uncommon causes. Each etiology of oculomotor nerve palsy has its corresponding clinical features. The present study comprehensively reviews the common etiologies of oculomotor nerve palsy and the corresponding clinical manifestations and treatment methods to help practitioners with the prompt and accurate clinical diagnosis of the causes and effective management plan. https://jmr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmr/article/view/1192